CHAPTER 8. TRIP DISTRIBUTION NPTEL May 3‚ 2007 Chapter 8 Trip distribution 8.1 Overview The decision to travel for a given purpose is called trip generation. These generated trips from each zone is then distributed to all other zones based on the choice of destination. This is called trip distribution which forms the second stage of travel demand modeling. There are a number of methods to distribute trips among destinations; and two such methods are growth factor model and gravity
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The Toyota Production System High Quality and Low Cost Readings; g; James Womack‚ Daniel T. Jones and Daniel Roos‚ The Machine that Changed the World‚ 1990‚ Ch 3 and 4 J T. Black “The Factory with a Future” Ch 2 & 4 Michael McCoby‚ “Is There a Best Way to Build a Car?” HBR Nov-Dec 1997 1 COST VS DEFECTS Three Major Mfg Systems from 1800 t 2000 f to Machine tools‚ specialized machine tools‚ Taylorism‚ SPC‚ CNC‚ CAD/CAM 1800 Interchangeable Parts at U.S. Armories 1900 Mass Production
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Toyota Production System The Toyota Production System (TPS) is an integrated socio-technical system‚ developed by Toyota‚ that comprises its management philosophy and practices. The TPS organizes manufacturing and logistics for the automobile manufacturer‚ including interaction with suppliers and customers. The system is a major precursor of the more generic "Lean manufacturing." Taiichi Ohno‚ Shigeo Shingo and Eiji Toyoda developed the system between 1948 and 1975. Originally called "Just In Time
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1.0 INTRODUCTION Toyota Production System (TPS) is one of the most benchmarked business improvement strategies in modern industry. There are three main approaches applied as the companies try to emulate Toyota’s success which are the copy cat approach‚ the home-grown approach and Suppliers development as it stand out in the transformation effort. The most replicated activities that Toyota conducts on a routine basis is the suppliers development approach in the achievement of TPS. Based on the survey
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Normal Distribution:- A continuous random variable X is a normal distribution with the parameters mean and variance then the probability function can be written as f(x) = - < x < ‚ - < μ < ‚ σ > 0. When σ2 = 1‚ μ = 0 is called as standard normal. Normal distribution problems and solutions – Formulas: X < μ = 0.5 – Z X > μ = 0.5 + Z X = μ = 0.5 where‚ μ = mean σ = standard deviation X = normal random variable Normal Distribution Problems and Solutions – Example
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Positioning Toyota has a mixed strategy when it comes to position its product. It uses a mix of both‚ the differentiation as well as the low cost. This gives Toyota a competitive advantage in the automobile sector. Toyota basically has something for everyone‚ from low priced to hatchbacks to Lexus. They serve everyone. For people looking for an outdoor vehicle they have SUVs and four wheel drive trucks. For customers who want environment friendly vehicle they have PRIUS‚ the hybrid car. Toyota has been
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distributed and the challenges faced using the various channels of distribution. INTRODUCTION A service can be defined as an essentially intangible benefit either on its own right or as a significant part of a tangible product which through some form of exchange satisfies an identified need (Palmer‚ 2001). From the dictionary it is said to be a system or organization that provides for a basic public need. Distribution is the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption
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Simple random sample (SRS) In statistics‚ a simple random sample from a population is a sample chosen randomly‚ so that each possible sample has the same probability of being chosen. One consequence is that each member of the population has the same probability of being chosen as any other. In small populations such sampling is typically done "without replacement"‚ i.e.‚ one deliberately avoids choosing any member of the population more than once. Although simple random sampling can be conducted
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25‚ 28 26‚ 28‚ 26‚ 28‚ 31‚ 30‚ 26‚ 26 the information is to be organized into a frequency distribution. A. How many classes would you recommend? b. What class interval would you suggest? C .what lower limit would you recommend for the first class? d. organize the information into a frequency distribution and determine the relative frequency distribution. e. comment on the shape of the distribution. 15. Molly’s Candle Shop has several retail stores in the coastal areas of North and South
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TOYOTA PRODUCTION SYSTEM Lean manufacturing or lean production‚ often simply "lean"‚ is a systemic method for the elimination of waste ("Muda") within a manufacturing process. Lean also takes into account waste created through overburden ("Muri") and waste created through unevenness in workloads ("Mura"). Working from the perspective of the client who consumes a product or service‚ "value" is any action or process that a customer would be willing to pay for. This Lean manufacturing is derived from
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