allowed adaptation over time to produce organisms best suited to the environment 1865 Gregor Mendel investigated "traits" passed from parents to prodigy and coined the terms dominant and recessive traits 1869 Johann Meisher isolated DNA from the nuclei of white blood cells 1875 Charles Darwin introduced "gemmules" as mechanism of inheritance 1902 Walter Sutton created term "gene" to describe "factors" located on chromosomes: he observed chromosomal movement during meiosis
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1. Describe what is happening during DNA replication. Make sure you include which proteins are involved and what they are doing during replication. DNA replication is semi-conservative. It occurs in “origin of replication” to form DNA ligase. In order for DNA to replicate it needs to follow a couple of steps. First: The parental strand divides in 2 separate strands; the helicase unwinds by cutting hydrogen bonds. Then‚ each strand is a template that attracts and binds complementary nucleotides
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industry. Various remediation methods‚ including utilization of a strain of closely related bacteria controls and limits its damage‚ but it is also useful as a genetic engineering tool in plants. It is famous for taking advantage of its host by injecting DNA derived from its Ti (tumor inducing) plasmid into its host‚ causing the plant to create galls which excrete opines that the bacteria use as an energy source. A. tumefaciens have emerged as an important molecular tool for manipulating plants and creating
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a virus that has its genes encoded in RNA instead of them being encoded in DNA (it is also known as the RNA virus). Because of this‚ a retrovirus has to have its genes reverse transcribed into DNA before replication. This is carried out by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. The retro virus upon infecting the host with its DNA can use the host cell’s machinery to replicate. The host cell cannot tell the retrovirus’s DNA from its own and so copies its genes as part of the cells own replication
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transformation‚ transduction‚ and conjugation bacteria are able to exchange DNA and as a result increasing genetic variety. “In transformation‚ the recipient bacterium takes up extracellular donor DNA. In transduction‚ donor DNA packaged in a bacteriophage infects the recipient bacterium. In conjugation‚ the donor bacterium transfers DNA to the recipient by mating.” Horizontal gene transfer also allows bacteria to acquire new DNA‚ but keep in mind that; “Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) is beneficial to
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Is DNA a helpful tool in genealogy? Yes‚ indeed it is. With several television companies hosting their versions of genealogy series‚ family research is becoming more popular than ever before. In each episode‚ DNA is used to link the guest of the show to their ancestors and distant cousins. The genealogists usually find famous people and royal connections along with interesting stories about an ancestor’s adventures. Most of the guests have interesting people in their tree‚ and people at home watching
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Relationship of Neanderthals to Modern Humans After extracting ancient DNA from the 40‚000-year-old bones of Neanderthals‚ scientists have obtained a draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome‚ yielding important new insights into the evolution of modern humans. No other ancient people have aroused more controversy and confusion over the last century and a half than have the Neanderthals (3‚4). There is an on-going debate as to whether they should be considered Homo sapiens. While the idea that
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constantly recycled. 8.2 1. Why does DNA replicate? DNA replicates before a cell divides to give a complete set of genetic instructions to each daughter cell. 2. What is semiconservative replication? Semiconservative replication means that only one strand of a DNA molecule is newly formed. The other strand is original DNA from the parent cell. 3. What are the steps of DNA replication? The helicase enzyme unwinds and separates a double-stranded DNA molecule; the primase enzyme forms a
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In gel electrophoresis‚ DNA fragments move through a porous matrix made of agarose‚ a gelatin-like substance purified from seaweed. The agarose is melted like Jell-O® and then poured into a plastic tray to harden into a slab called a gel. A plastic comb inserted at one end while the gel is hardening forms wells where DNA samples can be placed. The DNA is mixed with a loading buffer that contains glycerol—this makes it heavier than water‚ so it will sink to the bottom of the well. The gel is then
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we will extract plasmid DNA that carrying pKan and pAmp from E. coli that have been cultured overnight in LB media containing antibiotic kanamycin and ampicillin respectively. So‚ the DNA that will be introduced later will make the bacteria resistance to antibiotic kanamycin or ampicillin. A plasmid is a small‚ circular‚ double stranded DNA molecules and cloning vector that are widely used for recombinant DNA technology. It can be physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate on its
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