biological origin. They may act directly on the DNA‚ causing direct damage to the DNA‚ and most often result in replication error. Some however may act on the replication mechanism and chromosomal partition. Many mutagens are not mutagenic by themselves‚ but can form mutagenic metabolites through cellular processes. Such mutagens are called promutagens. [edit]Physical mutagens Ionizing radiations such as X-rays‚ gamma rays and alpha particles may cause DNA breakage and other damages. Ultraviolet radiations
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Chromosome is in the nucleus of every cell. Each chromosome is mostly made up of coiled DNA. Besides DNA‚ there are also proteins in each Chromosome. The interesting point is that in Chromosome‚ DNA tightly coiled a lot of times around proteins and it supports the basic structure of chromosome. The way that Chromosome forms motivates me to think of how DNA and proteins in the Chromosome relate to each other both in the aspect of location and the aspect of biology function. For the second question
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nucleotides) 4. In prokaryotes‚ DNA molecules are located in the c. cytoplasm (no nucleus) 5. The diagram below shows the process of DNA a. Replication 6. The main enzyme involved in linking individual nucleotides into DNA molecules is d. DNA polymerase 7. The process by which the genetic code of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA is called b. transcription 8. In messenger RNA‚ each codon specifies a particular c. amino acid 9. Changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic information
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and plants to microorganisms‚ including bacteria and archaea. Genetic materials of viruses: Most viruses have either RNA or DNA as their genetic material. The nucleic acid may be single- or double-stranded. The entire infectious virus particle‚ which is called a virion‚ consists of the nucleic acid and an outer shell of protein. The simplest viruses contain only enough RNA or DNA to encode four proteins. The most
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Cancer Biology Section 1 Study questions What is lifetime risk of getting cancer for men and women in US? Male-1:2 Female-1:3 Which cancer are men mostly likely to get in the US? Women? Male-Prostate Female-Breast Which cancers are the most deadly and least deadly (US)? Most deadly- Lung Least deadly- non-melanoma skin cancer Name the cell-types that define carcinomas‚ sarcomas‚ lymphomas‚ and leukemia’s. Which type is most common? Carcinomas- glands‚ organs and tissues‚ arise
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Millions and millions of cells must be formed in order for an organism (whether a plant or animal) to be created. That becomes possible through cell division. Cell division happens when all of the DNA of a cell is replicated completely and then that complete replication (called a genome) is separated‚ breaking apart into two daughter cells that are identical to the original cell (Erster 3-4). There are different kinds of division depending on the type of cell involved (Erster 25). However‚ regardless
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Chapter 1 DNA Is the Hereditary Material Chapter 1 Multiple Choice Format 1. In the experiment showing that DNA is the genetic material of bacteria‚ heat-killed S Pneumococcus cells A. transformed live R Pneumococcus. B. killed mice injected with them. C. were made alive again. D. killed R Pneumococcus. E. transformed type II cells to type III cells. Answer: A 2. The genetic material of a cell or virus A. is always DNA.
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Double Helix Two DNA strands form a helical spiral‚ winding around a helix axis in a right-handed spiral. The two polynucleotide chains run in opposite directions. The sugar-phosphate backbones of the two DNA strands wind around the helix axis like the railing of a spiral staircase. The Backbone DNA is in the form of a double helix. This means that two helices‚ or sides‚ twist around a center. The sides of the double helix are referred to as the backbone of the DNA strand. They are made up
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Module 1 |Long answers 1 | |Question 1 | |Question 2 | |Question 4
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& nonliving things • Have either DNA or RNA‚ never both • Often cause death of the host cell • Genus/species names not used in viral classification Compenents of a virus (lipid bilayer) Viral components: Nucleic Acid • Viral genomes can be either DNA or RNA • This genome‚ once inside a host cell‚ directs synthesis of new viral proteins‚ and also replication of new viral genomes • Viral genomes come in all kinds: • Single- or double-stranded‚ RNA or DNA • Linear or circular • One piece or
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