target host cell. Upon binding to the host cell membrane via teams of glycoproteins‚ the virion is then phagocytosed. Soon the nucleus is seized and all regular host cell mechanisms are shut off. Replication of HSV-1 is specific encoding immediate early‚ early and late genes. Once the virus replication process is complete the virus exits epithelial cells near the site of infection through a process known as cell lysis. Sensory neurons are the specific target of HSV-1‚ where it can then travel to
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BY130 ESSENTIAL/INTRODUCTORY CELL BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2012-2013 SAMPLE QUESTIONS ON NUCLEIC ACIDS AND MACROMOLECULES 1. Which of the following statements about the structure of DNA shown in the figure on the right is false? The width of the DNA molecule is variable since it can accommodate nucleotides containing varying numbers of nitrogen-based "rings." Hydrogen bonds determine which nitrogenous bases can pair together. A total of 10 pairs of nucleotides are
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allele is an alternative form of a gene and is located at a specific position in a specific chromosome. Usually‚ two contrasting alleles exist for each trait. A gene is a molecular unit of heredity. They reside on stretches of DNA that code for proteins of living organisms. DNA refers to Deoxyribonucleic acid. It is a nucleic acid that contains hereditary information and is necessary for the growth and development of an organism. Natural selection is a mechanism that causes evolutionary change in populations
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was used to obtain colonies which were resuspended into a CaCl2 solution that was previously kept on an ice bath. The rainbow transformation mixture containing the plasmid DNA was then added to half of the E. coli cells. These cells were later placed into a water bath set to 42ºC and “heat shocked” to promote the entrance of DNA into the cells. Moreover‚ a Recovery Broth was added to the sample and the sample was left undisturbed for 30 minutes at room temperature so the “heat shocked” bacteria would
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Biology 240. Spring 2014. Exam 3. Chapter 9. Proteins and Their Synthesis Four levels of protein structure (page 313) Primary: linear sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain Secondary: local regions of polypeptide chain fold into specific shapes (shapes arise from the bonding forces between amino acids close in proximity of linear sequence Tertiary: folding of the secondary structure Quaternary: protein composed of two or more separate folded polypeptides (subunits) joined by weak
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DNA |I | |INTRODUCTION | DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)‚ molecule that acts as the mechanism of biological inheritance in almost all living creatures. DNA is found in nearly all cells and contains the coded instructions that control the workings of the cell. DNA is passed from parents to offspring‚ and contains the coded instructions that enable the offspring to develop from a single cell into an adult body. DNA is the most important molecule in life‚ and an understanding of the
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closed circular‚ double-stranded‚ extrachromosomal DNA molecules which occur naturally in bacteria‚ yeast‚ and some higher eukaryotic cells‚ and exist in a parasitic or symbiotic relationship with their host cell (Lodish et al.‚ 2000) The main application of plasmids is as cloning vectors in gene cloning. In gene cloning‚ a fragment of DNA‚ containing the gene to be cloned is inserted into a circular molecule called the “vector” to produce recombinant DNA molecule. Plasmids are one of the most commonly
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upregulated in E. coli. true 2 Different globin polypeptides are expressed at similar levels during the embryonic and fetal stages of mammalian development. false 3 RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter region of the DNA even when the lac repressor is bound to the operator site. true Hide 4 Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes require a promoter region for gene transcription. true 5 Eukaryotic genes are almost always organized in groups
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sequence the genome and the genetic code and is still the most commonly used method of DNA sequencing. In 1980 Sanger was awarded a nobel prize in chemistry for his work concerning DNA sequencing along with Paul Berg and Walter Gilbert who also contribuated in this major breakthrough. Since then the Dideoxy chain termination method has been highly developed and optimised. To sequence DNA in term of the Sanger Method DNA first must be obtained in a single strand before it can be sequenced. Then a short
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Once the recombinant plasmid has entered the bacterial cell‚ DNA polymerase initiates replication at the ori site‚ or the DNA sequence that signals for the origin of replication. The plasmid replicates using the bacterial DNA replication enzymes. The multiple copies of plasmids now can produce the red fluorescent protein in great quantities. If the simple sugar arabinose is present in the bacteria
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