ICSE Class X Chapter 5 Hydrogen Chloride and Hydrochloric Acid Hydrogen chloride (HCl) : Formula : HCl Nature : Covalent. Molecular Mass : 36·5u [i.e. HCl = 1 + 35·5 = 36·5] Occurrence : (i) Present in gastric juices. (ii) Present in volcanic gases. Laboratory preparation of HCl gas : Hydrogen chloride gas is prepared in laboratory by heating conc. H2SO4 with NaCl. NaCl + H2SO4 Heat → NaCl + NaHSO4 Heat → NaHSO4 + HCl Sodium hydrogen sulphate Na2SO4 + HCl
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produced the most oxygen of all three trials. Heat tends to increase the rate of chemical reactions‚ explained in the article Temperature Effects (Introduction to Enzymes) by Chris Jamison. “Like most chemical reactions‚ the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction increases as the temperature is raised. A ten degree rise in temperature will increase the activity of most enzymes by 50 to 100% . Variations in reaction temperature as small as 1 or 2 degrees
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In class we decided that the rate of a reaction increases when there are more collisions or when the activation energy is reduced. We then determined that there were four ways to increase the reaction rate: increase temperature‚ add a catalyst‚ increase surface area‚ and increase the concentration of reactants. The objective of this lab was to experimentally show how temperature and surface area impact the rate of reaction‚ so only two of these methods were tested. The evidence indicates that increasing
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Most of life’s biological processes involve the use of protein catalyst called enzymes‚ that help speed up chemical reactions within the body without being denatured in the processes. Enzymes can be used continually by temporary binding to a specific substrate in the active site to convert the substrate into a product that the cell needs to perform a specific function. Without the use of catalyst enzymes‚ homeostasis wouldn’t be able to occur quickly enough which can result in many bodily functions
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Enzymes lower the amount of energy needed in a chemical reaction. This happens because enzymes are catalysts‚ so they speed up the activation rates that occur in living organisms. Without enzymes‚ it would be difficult to break down particles like food in the digestion system. Enzymes are all very specific to what chemical reactions they will work with‚ and the temperature‚ pH‚ and salt concentration have to be a specific levels in order for the enzyme to function. The structure of each enzyme has
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As the temperature increased‚ the enzyme activity also increased‚ however‚ only to an optimal level which was at temperature 32oC. Once the temperature was beyond the optimal level‚ the rate began to decline and this was represented by the concave curve on figure 5 and 7. This was because as the temperature increases‚ the frequency of collisions between the enzyme and the substrate also increased hence faster reaction rate. Whereas‚ the enzymes operated slowly at low temperature as there wasn’t sufficient
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will see the temperature slope increase in the reaction with an increased concentration because with an increase of moles‚ the particles will be colliding more often‚ therefore increasing the probability that the proper energy and alignment will occur to create more collisions in the same amount of time. Methods: List of Materials: • 110 mL of NaOH at 1 M (10 mL per run) • 110 mL of NaOH at 0.5 M (10 mL per run) • 220 mL of Acetic Acid at 50% (10 mL per run). • Vernier Temperature Probe. • Erlenmeyer
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chemical reaction affect the rate of reaction. This experiment focused on how temperature affects the rate of reaction for the reaction of alka-seltzer and water. The rate of a reaction is a value calculated to figure out how fast a chemical reaction occurs. There are three factors that can be changed that will affect the rate of a chemical reaction: surface area‚ concentration‚ and temperature. Temperature specifically affects the rate of a chemical reaction‚ because when the temperature is changed
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coagulate‚ the independent was the temperature of the water bath and the control was the deionised water and milk solution. These variables allowed for the experiment to be conducted accurately‚ with unexpected results. This is due to the enzymes being most active at 60ᵒC‚ it was that results were going to be most active at the 41ᵒC which is close to human body temperature. When we compare the enzyme in the low temperatures to the enzymes in the higher temperature we observed that the enzymes were
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spectrophotometer at 605nm‚ and the rate of linear decrease in absorbance over time represents the number of electrons flowing through the electron transport chain reflecting the relative rate of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts only absorb certain wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum‚ the blue followed by the red are the two main wavelengths absorbed (Melis‚ et al.‚ 1987). The experiment was designed to investigate which wavelengths would result in the highest rate of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll a
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