its environmental consequences or contingencies (also see Motivation‚ Contingency Theory). There are four primary historical building blocks of behaviorism. These major foundational contributions are Pavlov’s (1849-1936) classical conditioning experiments‚ Thorndike’s (1874-1949) law of effect‚ Watson’s (1878-1958) experiments with human conditioning‚ and Skinner’s (1904-1990) work and conceptualization of operant conditioning (also see Operant Conditioning). However‚ applied to organization
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each approach • Describe how the research process relates to each approach © 2008 Kimberly Galt Outline for each approach • Definition of the approach • Overview of the overarching problem or needs that the approach is intended to address • Context of research methodology – why it is chosen • Literature or other contextual information • Types of research questions suited to the approach © 2008 Kimberly Galt Outline for each approach • Common study designs used with the approach • Usual
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Sociological Approach Sociological critics believe that the relations of art to society are important. Art is not created in a vacuum. Language itself is a social product. A writer is a member of the society. And he takes his material from the society. A literary piece is not simply the work of a person. It is of an author fixed in time‚ space and his environment. Taine‚ the French man‚ said that literature is the consequence of the moment‚ the race‚ and the milieu. Edmund Wilson traces
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cases · Reversibility: standards that apply no matter who "makes" the rules These are‚ in a sense‚ the rules of the "ethics game"‚ no matter which school or approach to ethics one feels the closest identity. The Utilitarian approach is perhaps the most familiar and easiest to understand of all the four approaches to ethics. Whether we think about it or not‚ most of us are doing utilitarian ethics a much of the time‚ especially those of us in business. The Utilitarians asks a very important question:
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the communicative approach 1. The definition of communicative approach 2. Two principles of communicative approach • Create a realistic situation • The class should be students-centered III. Adopt communicative approach to improve students ability to listen and speak‚ and achieve the goal of English teaching 1. Three stages in communicative teaching 2. Communicative activities in class 3. Achieve the goal of English teaching through communicative approach IV. Conclusion
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A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE ECLECTIC APPROACH BY: Tavane Brooks-Barrett WHAT IS THE ECLECTC APPROACH? The eclectic approach is the label given to a teacher’s use of techniques and activities from a range of teaching approaches and methodologies. HISTORY OF THE ECLECTIC APPROACH The eclectic approach was proposed as a reaction to the profusion of teaching methods in the 1970’s and 1980’s. Eclecticism was first recorded to have been practiced by a group of ancient Greek and Roman philosophers who
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The contingency approach to management emerged from the real life experience of managers who found that no single approach worked consistently in every situation. The basic idea of this approach is that number management technique or theory is appropriate in all situations. The main determinants of a contingency are related to the external and internal environment of an organisation. The process‚ quantitative‚ behavioural‚ and systems approaches to management did not integrate the environment. The
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learning and teaching process successful. Each approach‚ method and technique can help educators to reach their goal‚ depending on what they want to make students accomplish. Therefore‚ Teachers must have clear what are the purposes they want to achieve‚ as well as‚ the aims of the lesson and activities they are going to do in the classroom. However‚ teachers think that it is not possible to teach foreign languages in just one single way‚ since every approach has limitations. As a result‚ a new method
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Humanistic The humanistic approach studies the whole of an individual including their uniqueness. Psychologists look at a human’s behaviour not only through the eyes of the observer‚ but also through the eyes of the individual displaying the behaviour. Psychologists believe that an individual’s behaviour is connected to their feelings and self-concept. The humanistic theory focuses on reinforcement of stimulus-response behaviour. The hierarchy of needs is one of the best known theories of motivation
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Biological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers agreed with the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs‚ biological and humanistic approach. “The hierarchy of needs theory remains valid today for understanding human motivation‚ management training‚ and personal development” (Orana‚ 2009). Maslow’s book Personality and Motivation were published in 1954 introducing his theory of the hierarchy of needs. Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) the hierarchy of needs was introduced
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