Journal of Management Studies 41:6 September 2004 0022-2380 Kurt Lewin and the Planned Approach to Change: A Re-appraisal Bernard Burnes Manchester School of Management The work of Kurt Lewin dominated the theory and practice of change management for over 40 years. However‚ in the past 20 years‚ Lewin’s approach to change‚ particularly the 3-Step model‚ has attracted major criticisms. The key ones are that his work: assumed organizations operate in a stable state; was only suitable
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I. Introduction The protection of marine environment as part of the general emergence of environmental consciousness has become of paramount importance for the shipping industry. It is well known that maritime casualties act as catalysts for the creation of international and regional legislation. Therefore‚ the European Union following the “Erika” and the “Prestige” shipwrecks‚ which occurred in 1999 and 2002 respectively‚ has pursued legislative measures in response to the oil pollution of the
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Sales‚ Operating Expenditures and Operating Profit through periods | 1986-1988 | 1988-1990 | 1990-1992 | 1992-1994E | 1994-1996E | Sales | 795 | 5098 | 2013 | 5283 | 5971 | Operating expenditures | 1147 | 4204 | 2022 | 5090 | 5298 | Operating profit | -352 | 894 | -9 | 193 | 673 | Table 2: Changes of rates of Operating Profit through periods | 1986-1988 | 1988-1990 | 1990-1992 | 1992-1994E | 1994-1996E | Sales | 18.92% | 102.02% | 19.94% | 43.63% | 34.33% | Operating expenditures
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have achieved such a role is that of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. He was a product and an exemplar of black culture and tradition‚ and his vision gradually transcended southern particularism to assume national and international implications (Baldwin‚ 1992). Not only did Dr. King demonstrate the five key elements of leadership – influence‚ organizational objectives‚ leaders-followers‚ people‚ and change (Lussier & Achua‚ 2010) – throughout his American Civil Rights movement of thirteen years‚ until his
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2.3 The servicescape model: hypotheses In this section‚ the proposed eight servicescape factors will be discussed explicating the conceptual rational of each component. Moreover‚ the research hypotheses will be presented. 2.3.1 Music Studies on the element of music suggest that “music has become a major component of consumer marketing‚ both at the point of purchase and in advertising” (Brunner‚ 1990‚ p. 94). Retailing and foodservice literature reveals that the music played in a servicescape
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spend their days? by Kirstin Haley September 2008 The population studiedGeneralreport is the non-institutionalized population of 15 to 19 year olds living in the 10 provinces. The in this Social Survey The Aussi disponible en français data from 1992‚ 1998 and 2005 were collected over 12 months of the survey year‚ whereas in 1986 data were only collected for two months (November and December) of the survey year. 1 Matter of Fact Statistics Canada – Catalogue no. 89-630-X No. Celebrating
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from one hub to another. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a system of navigation based on the integration of 24 satellites‚ 21 working systems and 3 backups‚ that relay information regarding craft position and velocity to users (Colborn‚ 1992). First initiated as a program by the US Department of Defense through their Navstar system‚ GPS was deployed and fully operational in 1994 and speculations of the utility of this system immediately came into view in a number of industries. At the
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"Will Johnny Get A ’s?" Newsweek 72 (July 8). Ogbu‚ J.U. (1985). "The Consequences of the American Caste System." In The School Achievement of Minority Children. ’ New Perspectives‚ ed. V. Neisser. Hillsdale‚ NJ: Erlbaum‚ 19-56. Steele‚ C.M. (April 1992). "Race and Schooling of Black Americans." Atlantic Monthly‚ 68-78 A sorority is an association composed of women who have common interests or who share a common trait
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Question: In his development of the concept of hegemony‚ Gramsci is concerned to investigate‚ among other things‚ how a dominant class wins free consent of a subordinate class. Using his analysis‚ write an essay on how patriarchy might establish hegemony. Use no more than two religious traditions to provide concrete illustrations of your argument. In order to understand Gramsci and the concept of hegemony‚ one has to look briefly at the work of Karl Marx. Marxism viewed everything in life as
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with an aggressive faith in its future. Flashy exaggeration at the hands of the stylists‚ ever compelled to ‘improve’ on last year’s model‚ gave streamlining a bad name.” (Hodges‚ Coad‚ Stone‚ Sparke‚ Aldersey-Williams‚ The New Design Source Book‚ 1992‚ p.158) Discuss in relationship to the ‘innovation’ in household designs of the 1950’s‚ how do these designs compare to similar examples of today? Do designers today feel “compelled to improve on last years model? “American corporate designers
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