Discuss how the government can use discretionary fiscal policy and automatic stabilisers to stabilise fluctuations in real GDP. What tools does the government have at its discretion to stabilise the economy? Suppose the government decides to decrease income taxes. Show in a diagram and explain how this policy will lead to an increase in real GDP. Explain how potential output may be affected. A discretionary fiscal policy refers to deliberate changes in the level of government spending‚ transfer
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AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON CONSUMER DECISION-MAKING BEHAVIOR IN PAKISTAN History of consumer behavior seems to be highly intertwined with the history of marketing thought. The purpose of this paper is to trace the historical dependence and allegiance of consumer behavior on the discipline and practice of marketing. It then attempts to forecast emerging trends in consumer behavior research and theory as a consequence of new and emerging schools of marketing thought. Focus of understanding. For example
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THE INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR Culture We define culture as a sum total of learned beliefs‚ values and customs that serve to direct the consumer behavior of members of a particular society. Culture is a society’s personality. Both values and beliefs are mental images that effect a wide range of specific attitudes that‚ in turn‚ influence the way a person uses to evaluate alternative brands in a product category. Values Important and lasting beliefs or ideals shared
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CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR: THE ROAD TO EFFECTIVE POLICY-MAKING 1. INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR? Have you ever told yourself that you should make an effort to be more physically active? Have you ever been determined to eat healthier or drink fewer fizzy drinks? Have you vowed to buy only organic or fair trade products? Did you ever promise to yourself that next time you’ll throw your empty soft-drink can into the recycling bin? And do you think about recycling while on holidays or
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How does the media shape foreign policy decision-making? “For many journalists‚ policy-makers and scholars‚ there really is little doubt that media profoundly affect the foreign policy process" (Livingston‚ 1997) In discussing the role of the media in foreign policy decisions‚ one is on some level discussing the role of public opinion in foreign policy. The mass media are ‘the primary conduit between the public and the policy makers; policymakers follow media reports on public opinion‚ and the
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As a leader in the global market‚ Singapore engages in many trade agreements with foreign countries with foreign investments into the Singapore economy making up a huge percentage of our economy. The figures in 1999 alone for foreign investments were around $31 billion. If there were to be a decrease in these foreign investments‚ a chain of reactions would follow but before explaining these reactions‚ I would like to start off with the following equation: Ad = C + G + I + (X – M) Where C is
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context in which policies are developed. Through the media‚ citizens learn how government policies will affect them‚ and governments gain feedback on their policies and programs. Media systems act as the primary channels between those who might want to influence policy and the policymakers ’’ controlling the scope of political discourse and regulating the flow of information. Textbook policymaking follows an orderly sequence where problems are identified‚ solutions devised‚ policies adopted‚ implemented
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Consumer Decision-Making Styles of Gen Y Consumers in Malaysia Introduction Market segmentation is a crucial element in marketing because goods can no longer be produced and sold without considering consumer needs and recognizing the characteristic of those needs. Due to the highly competitive environment nowadays‚ attracting and retaining enough loyal customers plays an important key role when developing business strategies. Therefore‚ business should understand and target consumer from different
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Question: Discuss the implication of business cycles on fiscal and monetary policy. Answer: Business Cycle: Market economies have regular fluctuations in the level of economic activity which we call the business cycle. In other words‚ the business cycle is the periodic but irregular up-and-down movements in economic activity‚ measured by fluctuations in real GDP and other macroeconomic variables. A business cycle is identified as a sequence of four phases: 1. Contraction (A slowdown in the pace
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THE EFFECT OF EXTERNAL DEBT ON THE NIGERIA ECONOMY (1989 - 2009) ABSTARCT This study is meant to examine the effect of external debt on gross domestic product using econometric analysis. The research revealed that Nigeria’s external debt has contributed immensely to the gross domestic product. This has affected investment on the domestic productivity and hence invariably affected the economic growth and development. Due to the macroeconomics distortion in
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