UNIT 02: PLANT LAYOUT Definition Plant Layout involves the allocation of space and the arrangement of equipment in such a manner that overall operating costs are minimized. It includes the arrangement and location of work centres and various service centres like inspection‚ storage and shipping within the factory building. Characteristics of an Efficient Layout 1. Smooth flow of production – Raw materials and workers have access to each machine without any difficulty and delay. 2. Maximum utilization
Premium Flowchart Manufacturing
The trial was carried out at the Teaching and Research farm of The College of Education‚ Lanlate to determine the growth characteristics and yield effects of plant spacing and intercropping maize and cowpea. The experimental design used was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) six treatments and five replicates. The treatments were as follows; (1) Cowpea intercropped with maize at 50 X 50cm spacing; (2) Cowpea intercropped with maize at 25 X 25 cm spacing; (3) Sole maize at 50 X 50cm spacing;
Premium DNA Genetically modified food Genetically modified organism
acid rain Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic. It has harmful effects on plants‚ aquatic animals‚ and infrastructure. Acid rain is mostly caused by human emissions of sulfur and nitrogen compounds which react in the atmosphere to produce acids. In recent years‚ many governments have introduced laws to reduce these emissions. Emissions from volcanoes and those from biological processes that occur on the land‚ in wetlands‚ and in the oceans account for the
Premium Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen
PLANT CELL Introduction Plant cell is the basic unit of structure and function in nearly all plants. The range of specialization and the character of association of plant cells are very wide. In the simplest plant forms a single cell constitutes a whole organism and carries out all the life functions. In just slightly more complex forms‚ cells are associated structurally‚ but each cell appears to carry out the fundamental life functions‚ although certain ones may be specialized
Premium Cell Organelle Eukaryote
Plant cells are eukaryotic cells that differ in several key aspects from the cells of other eukaryotic organisms. Their distinctive features include: A large central vacuole‚ a water-filled volume enclosed by a membrane known as the tonoplast maintains the cell’s turgor‚ controls movement of molecules between the cytosol and sap‚ stores useful material and digests waste proteins and organelles. A cell wall composed of cellulose and hemicellulose‚ pectin and in many cases lignin‚ is secreted by
Premium Cell wall Cell Plant
Aquatic plants: Fixed plants Fixed plants are held in place by their roots which grow in the water-bed. The Water Lily and Lotus are such plants. Their stems are long‚ hollow and light. These stems reach the surface of the water. The leaves and flowers‚ which grow from the top end of the stems‚ float upon the water. The leaves are broad with stomata on the top surface so that the water does not block them. Lotus The roots of lotus are planted in the soil of the pond or river bottom‚ while
Premium Fern Root Water
increase rate of growth and increase number of leaves. Materials and Methods The materials used included seeds of Wisconsin fast plants Brassica rapa‚ Styrofoam planting quads‚ potting soil‚ 14- 14- 14- NPK fertilizer beads‚ labeling tape‚ quad wicks‚ plastic water container with wick cloth‚ and anti-algal squares. To construct two different planters for our fast plants we used two Styrofoam planting quads. Each planter and squares inside of the planter were labeled. Each square was filled about half
Free Science Scientific method Hypothesis
from the aerial parts of plants‚ especially leaves but also stems‚ flowers and roots. Leaf surfaces are dotted with openings called stomates that are bordered by guard cells. Collectively‚ the structures are called stomata.[1] Leaf transpiration occurs through stomata‚ and can be as a necessary "cost" associated with many processes such as the opening of the pistil and allowing the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis. Transpiration also cools plants and enables mass flow
Premium Transpiration Water Plant physiology
PLANT SAFETY Industrial accidents present a serious problem like production losses and property damage that can possibly have a crippling effect on the operations of the organization. However‚ it is possible to and practicable to control industrial accidents Objectives of The Indian Factories Act 1948 • To protect human beings from being subjected to unduly long hours of bodily strains of manual labor‚ and • Employees should work in health and sanitary conditions so far as the manufacturing
Premium Accident Injury Preventive maintenance
Light pollution happened slowly at first which was several decades ago it was a process that was hardly noticeable. A light here‚ a light there‚ burning way into the dark nighttime realm‚ helping us see in the darkness when people all their our beds fast asleep. The process still continues today‚ with little thought ever given to what we are stealing away. Our intentions are good but our methods need adjustment‚ and they needs to be done immediately. In fact‚ our methods should have been changed
Premium Light pollution