Chapter 1 From X-Rays to Ion Beams: A Short History of Radiation Therapy James M. Slater Abstract Radiation therapy (RT) developed in several eras. Patients’ needs for more effective treatment guided the efforts. The development of ion beam therapy (IBT) can be seen as a corollary in this continuous endeavor to optimize disease control while minimizing normal-tissue damage. It could not have materialized‚ however‚ without the curiosity‚ ingenuity‚ and perseverance of researchers‚ engineers
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the medical field from MRI’s and radiation to vaccinations to 3D printers to make 3D cells to show their patients. What is an MRI? Well MRI’s are actually really cool if you think about it‚ MRI stands for Magnetic
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About Radiation: Radiation is an energy that is transmitted in the form of waves or tiny particles. These are electromagnetic waves‚ which are classified as ’ionizing radiation’ and ’non ionizing radiation’. Electromagnetic radiation is when an object gives out electromagnetic radiation. For example when you on a torch light‚ the light is an example of radiation. Ionising radiation has more energy than non ionising radiation. Therefore it is enough to cause chemical changes by breaking chemical
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ultraviolet radiation is: A. 700-1500 mµ B. 1600-12‚000 mµ C. 0.1-3 mm D. 180-290 mµ 2. Wavelength of long ultraviolet radiation is: A. 700-1500 mµ B. 290-400 mµ C. 180-290 mµ D. 0.1-3 mm 3. What ultraviolet wavelength will produce reticuloendothelial stimulation? A. 2600-2700 Å B. 2700-3000 Å C. 2900-4000 Å D. 2400-2500 Å 4. The magnitude of radiation flux at any particular point of the skin depends upon the: A. Cross-sectional diameter of the radiation beam B. Distance
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Bacterial are very diverse and quite adaptable‚ but they still need certain factors in order to thrive. The physical requirements for bacterial growth include pH range‚ temperature‚ oxygen concentrations‚ moisture levels‚ hydrostatic pressure‚ osmotic pressure‚ and radiation levels. When considering the pH level‚ bacteria are classified as either acidophiles (acid-loving)‚ neutrophiles (neutral ph range)‚ or alkaliphiles (alkali-loving). The one that causes disease in humans would be the neutrophiles
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The Effect of Physical Barriers On The Growth Of Polycephalum Nathan LHypothesis: The slime mould will attempt to bypass the barrier to reach the oats. Independent Variable: The path provided by the colored Lego blocks. Dependant Variable: The path in which the Polycephalum Constants: The size of the dish‚ the species of slime mold‚ the light the slime mold received‚ and the temperature it was kept. ] 1. After two days of growth‚ did P. Polycephalum connect the oats throught
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against lethal doses of ultraviolet radiation. Until then‚ life had not ventured above the surface of water and mud. Algae were evolving at the water’s edge‚ and one group – probably the charophytes – gave rise to plants. Cooksonia‚ a simple branching plant a few centimeters tall‚ evolved by 430 million years ago. It took another 160 million years for the taller Psilophyton to evolve. Then the evolutionary pace picked up. It took only 60 million years for plants radiate from the swampy lowlands
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Abstract In this paper soil compaction is described in relation to soil physical factors‚ root growth‚ and nutrient uptake by crop plants; rice growth and yield. In compaction‚ soil solids are rearranged with compression of liquid and gaseous phases accompanied by volume change. Soil compaction affects water retention characteristics‚ water intake rates‚ and gaseous exchange. In compacted soil‚ bulk density‚ microvoids‚ thermal conductivity‚ and nutrient mobility increase and macrovoids‚
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F L O R I D A I N T E R N A T I O N A L UN I V E R S I T Y Mechanical Lab EMA 4909L Section 01 Group 6 5/27/2010 SUMMER-A SEMESTER 2010 DR. BELLADI Combined Convection and Radiation Experiments Exercise B – Force Convection over a Cylinder in Cross-Flow Experiment 1 Homero Perez Shiv Shaw Kirk S. Harvey # 1348271 EML 4909L Mechanical Lab Force Convection over a Cylinder in Cross-Flow Table of Contents Abstract 4 Nomenclature 5 Introduction 6 Data & Results 7 Analysis and Discussion
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Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation The Big Bang theory predicts that the early universe was a very hot place and that as it expands‚ the gas within it cools. Thus the universe should be filled with radiation that is literally the remnant heat left over from the Big Bang‚ called the “cosmic microwave background radiation”‚ or CMB. The CMB is an almost-uniform background of radio waves that fill the universe. The CMB is‚ in effect‚ the leftover heat of the Big Bang itself - it was released when
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