protons‚ neutrons‚ and electrons. The protons and neutrons make up the nucleus‚ while the electrons are found outside the atom’s nucleus. Each component of an atom has a charge to it. The protons have a positive charge. The electrons have a negative charge‚ and the neutrons have a neutral charge. The atoms also have a charge. For example hydrogen can be negative‚ positive or neutral. These are called ions. H would be a neutrally charged hydrogen atom‚ while H- would be a negatively charged hydrogen
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as outlined above‚ then as a last step add one electron per negative charge to fill octets. Carbonate ion has a 2- charge‚ so we have two electrons available to fill octets. Using the procedure above‚ we arrive a this structure: The two singly-bonded oxygen atoms each have an open octet‚ so we add one electron to each so as to fill these octets. The added electrons are shown with arrows. Don ’t forget to assign formal charges as well! The final Lewis structure for carbonate ion is: Procedure
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A. Comparison of Volatility by Rate of Evaporation Volatility describes how easily a substance will vaporize (turn into a gas or vapor). A volatile substance can be defined as (1) a substance that evaporates readily at normal temperatures and/or (2) one that has a measurable vapor pressure. The vapor pressure of a substance is the pressure at which its gaseous (vapor) phase is in equilibrium with its liquid or solid phase. It is a measure of the tendency of molecules and atoms to escape from a liquid
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Who Killed the Electric Car? Video Discussion Questions Summary: It begins with a solemn funeral�for a car. By the end of Chris Paine’s lively and informative documentary‚ the idea doesn’t seem quite so strange. As narrator Martin Sheen notes‚ "They were quiet and fast‚ produced no exhaust and ran without gasoline." Paine proceeds to show how this unique vehicle came into being and why General Motors ended up reclaiming its once-prized creation less than a decade later. He begins 100 years ago
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boiling point and freezing point. Also‚ the atoms surrounding the polymer chains determine the charge (negative or positive). (For example‚ a Hydrogel chain (without the addition of Sodium atoms) is highly negative due to the Carbon atoms‚ and therefore will repel each other‚ causing a large‚ stretched molecule that has the ability to bond with positive atoms) [See diagram below]. These differing charges cause hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. The hydrophilic groups absorb water‚ while the hydrophobic
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INTRODUCTION In 1791 Luigi Galvani discovered electrical activity in the nerves of the frogs that he was dissecting. He thought that electricity was of animal origin and could be found only in living tissues. A few years later‚ in 1800 Alessandro Volta discovered that electricity could be produced through inorganic means. In fact‚ by using small sheets of copper and zinc and cloth spacers soaked in an acid solution‚ he built a battery - the first apparatus capable of producing electricity. Naysayers
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resulting in a water molecule having a positive charge on the side where the hydrogen atoms are and a negative charge on the other side‚ where the oxygen atom is. This uneven distribution of charge is called polarity. Since opposite electrical charges attract‚ water molecules tend to attract each other‚ making water kind of "sticky." As the right-side diagram shows‚ the side with the hydrogen atoms (positive charge) attracts the oxygen side (negative charge) of a different water molecule. (If the water
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continues to build up more positive charges‚ until the membrane potential reaches a potential of about +40 mV compared with the outside. At this point‚ the sodium channels are temporary close and are inactivated‚ so the sodium ions stop diffusing into the axon. At the same time‚ the voltage-gated potassium channels open. Potassium ions therefore diffuse out of the axon‚ down their concentration gradient. The outward movement of potassium ions removes positive charge from inside the axon to the
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impact for most agricultural soils. AEC occurs on the edges on minerals where positive charges are found.AEC is found particularly in highly weathered soils of the tropics and subtropics. Most agricultural soils have too high a pH for AEC to occur‚ which increases as pH in soils decreases‚ especially in the US and Canada. But the AEC in agricultural soil are smaller than CEC so they are repelled by the positive charge on soil. Ultisols have a lower pH than mollisols so AEC occurs more frequently in the
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bottom of electrode wire to keep the wire in position. Working – The polluted air enters from the bottom and flows upwards. The high voltage in the wire (50KV) ionizes the air. The negative ions move towards the ground surface and pass on their charge (negative) to the particles also. Then those negatively charged particles are electrostatically drawn towards the positively charged collector surface where they are finally deposited. The collecting surface is occasionally vibrated to remove deposited
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