The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biochemical technology in molecular biology used to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude‚ generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. Developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis‚[1][2] PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical and biological research labs for a variety of applications.[3][4] These include DNA cloning for sequencing‚ DNA-based phylogeny‚ or
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1881–82 a Russian inventor Nikolai Benardos created the first electric arc welding method known as carbon arc welding‚ using carbon electrodes. The advances in arc welding continued with the invention of metal electrodes in the late 1800s by a Russian‚ Nikolai Slavyanov (1888)‚ and an American‚ C. L. Coffin (1890). Around 1900‚ A. P. Strohmenger released a coated metal electrode in Britain‚ which gave a more stable arc. In 1905 Russian scientist Vladimir Mitkevich proposed the usage of three-phase electric
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First of all‚ what is sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)? SF6 is a non-toxic‚ nonflammable and noncorrosive gas. SF6 has almost the same chemical properties of a noble gas and it does not react with other materials. Under standard conditions‚ SF6 is colorless and odorless gas in high electrical components. Furthermore‚ SF6 also inhibits surface erosion and oxidation. It has high partial vapor pressure at both normal and low temperatures. SF6 also has an excellent heat transfer. Its high molecular weight and
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................................................. INTRODUCTION An electronic muscle stimulator is a circuit designed to stimulate nerves of that part of the body by attaching electrodes. It is used to revive frozen muscle that impair movement‚ it aid in building up muscles and it also helps in removing cellulites in the body EMS causes adaption‚ i.e. training of muscles fibers and can be used as a therapeutic tool. In medicine
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graphene scientists from the university of Manchester were even awarded the Nobel prize in . Energy harvesting from graphene involves its applications in supercapacitors and fuel cells. Researchers have recently shown that graphene can be used on the electrodes of fuel cells with a higher efficiency. Figure 10 The formation process of graphene _Co(OH)2 nano-composites: (a)interactionsbetweenGOandCo2+ and (b) depositionofCo2+ and deoxygenation of GO at the same time. Copyright (2010) American Chemical
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Introduction A nerve is an enclosed bundle of axons found in the peripheral nervous system (Easton 13). It is the pathway for electrochemical nerve impulses‚ which pass along axons of the peripheral organs. A neuron is a cell in the nervous system which plays many critical tasks like receiving sensory signals from the external and internal environments. Moreover‚ neurons join together these sensory responses to produce and transmit motor responses as a result of changes in membrane permeability
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Xerox doing research work at the Xerox ’s Palo Alto Research Centre. Both technologies being developed commercially for electronically configurable paper like displays rely on microscopic beads that change color in response to the charges on nearby electrodes. Like traditional paper‚ E-paper must be lightweight‚ flexible‚ glare free and low cost. Research found that in just few years this technology could replace paper in many situations and leading us ink a truly paperless world. Electronic ink is
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electric spark is used as the cutting tool to cut (erode) the workpiece to produce the finished part to the desired shape. The metal-removal process is performed by applying a pulsating (ON/OFF) electrical charge of high-frequency current through the electrode to the workpiece. This removes (erodes) very tiny pieces of metal from the workpiece at a controlled rate. EDM EDM (electrical discharge machining) is a machining method primarily used for hard metals or those that would be impossible to machine
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constant and dielectric loss accounts for the energy storage and energy loss respectively. The dielectric constant is calculated with the relation εr=Cd/εoA where‚ C is series capacitance value‚ d is the thickness of the sample‚ A is the area of the electrode and εo(= 8.85×10−12 F m-1) is permittivity of free space and ε″ is the dielectric loss (ε”= εr tan δ). The ac conductivities at different frequencies for the polymer composites
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combined with neural stimulation enables neuroscientist the possibility to study the complex neural networks in more detail. A combined system has the major advantage that it is possible to stimulate at one electrode and record the neural reaction of the neural network at the same electrode afterwards. With this information‚ the waveform of the stimulation can be optimized and this gives the possibility to stimulate the
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