Chapter 1 From X-Rays to Ion Beams: A Short History of Radiation Therapy James M. Slater Abstract Radiation therapy (RT) developed in several eras. Patients’ needs for more effective treatment guided the efforts. The development of ion beam therapy (IBT) can be seen as a corollary in this continuous endeavor to optimize disease control while minimizing normal-tissue damage. It could not have materialized‚ however‚ without the curiosity‚ ingenuity‚ and perseverance of researchers‚ engineers
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Write your name here Surname Other names Centre Number Candidate Number Edexcel GCSE Physics/Science Unit P1: Universal Physics Higher Tier Friday 2 March 2012 – Morning Time: 1 hour You must have: Calculator‚ ruler Paper Reference 5PH1H/01 Total Marks Instructions black ink or • Usein the boxesball-point pen. page with your name‚ at the top of this • Fill number and candidate number. centre all • Answer thequestions. in the spaces provided questions
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discovered. By the early 19th century‚ evidence that light is a wave had grown very persuasive. In 1873‚ James Clerk Maxwell predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves and calculated their speed of propagation. This development‚ along with the experimental work of Heinrich Hertz starting in 1887‚ showed conclusively that light is indeed an electromagnetic wave. The wave picture of light is not the whole story‚ however. Several effects associated with emission and absorption of light reveal a particle
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>>> spreads/ radiates in all directions from a single point * identify that mechanical waves require a medium for propagation while electromagnetic waves do not Mechanical waves require a medium (particles in order to propagate) while electromagnetic waves do not. Classification of Waves: -in terms of medium > mechanical (requires)‚ electromagnetic (doesn’t require) -in terms of particle oscillation > mechanical >>> transverse (perpendicular)‚ longitudinal (parallel) * define
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observed‚ waves are involved. Waves do not have mass or charge. Photons All electromagnetic radiation consists of photons. A photon is a packet of energy‚ or a quantum of electromagnetic energy. Gamma-photons are the most energetic out of all the types of photons. The energy of a photon is directly proportional to the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation of which it is a part of‚ so high frequency radiation means high energy
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developments have allowed greater use of the electromagnetic spectrum 1. describe electromagnetic waves in terms of their speed in space and their lack of requirement of a medium for propagation In space (a vacuum) electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light‚ a constant equal to 3.00108ms1. Unlike sound waves‚ electromagnetic waves do not vibrate particles‚ therefore they do not need a medium (substance) to propagate (move). 2. identify the electromagnetic wavebands filtered out by the atmosphere
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Electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) is a form of radiant energy‚ propagating through space via photon wave particles. In a vacuum‚ it propagates at a characteristic speed‚ the speed of light‚ normally in straight lines. EMR is emitted and absorbed by charged particles. As an electromagnetic wave‚ it has both electric and magnetic field components‚ which oscillate in a fixed relationship to one another‚ perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of energy and wave propagation
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| | Assignment 2 | | Subject: General ChemistryLecturer: Dr. Ajith H. Herath | | Name: Kavini de Silva | 4/5/’013 | | BOHR THEORY Introduction Niels Bohr applies quantum theory Rutherford’s Atomic Structure by assuming that electrons travel in stationary orbits defined by their angular momentum. This led to the calculation of possible energy levels for these orbits and the postulation that the emission of light occurs when an electron moves into a lower
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Newton’s Laws of Motion and Gravity Define mass‚ weight‚ force‚ and acceleration. Mass – A measure of the total amount of material in a body‚ defined either by the inertial properties of the body or by its gravitational influence on other bodies. It is proportional to‚ but not the same as‚ its mass Force – A quantitative description of the interaction between two physical bodies‚ such as an object and its environment. Force is proportional to acceleration. Acceleration – A vector quantity that
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answer in the table below and click the "Check Answers" button to check your work. Word Document: Text alternative of the Forms of Energy Activity The six fundamental forms of energy: Mechanical‚ Chemical‚ Thermal/Heat‚ Electrical‚ Nuclear and Radiation. Word Document: Text alternative of the Forms of Energy Activity https://www.e-education.psu.edu/egee102/node/1905 Electrical Energy: Energy created through the movement of electrons among the atoms of matter. Although electricity is seldom
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