known to contain other particles as well. Yet Thomson’s bold suggestion that cathode rays were material constituents of atoms turned out to be correct. The rays are made up of electrons: very small‚ negatively charged particles that are indeed fundamental parts of every atom. Modern ideas and technologies based on the electron‚ leading to television and the computer and much else‚ evolved through many difficult steps. Thomson’s
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the Nucleus The nucleus contains both Protons and neutrons The negatively charged particles surrounding the center are called Electrons (3^H)‚ an isomer‚ differs from (1^H) in that: 3^H has 2 more neutrons than 1^H Nitrogen has 7 electrons and thus can form a maximum of ___ covalent bonds with other elements 3 Carbon has 6 electrons while hydrogen has 1 electron. How many covalent bonds can form between a carbon atom and hydrogen atoms 4 In the lab you are culturing human cells in order
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at the end of 19th century‚ experimental investigations on conduction of electricity (electric discharge) through gases at low pressure in a discharge tube led to many historic discoveries. The discovery of X-rays by Roentgen in 1895‚ and of electron by J. J. Thomson in 1897‚ were important milestones in the understanding of atomic structure. It was found that at sufficiently low pressure of about 0.001 mm of mercury column‚ a discharge took place between the two electrodes on applying the
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examiner’s report for each question. 1. (i) atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons/different masses (1) 1 (ii) 79Br 35 protons‚ 44 neutrons‚ 35 electrons (1) 81Br 35 protons‚ 46 neutrons‚ 35 electrons (1) 2 (iii) (1s2)2s22p63s23p63d104s24p5 (1) 1 [4] 2. (i) iodide has been converted to iodine (1) (with correct use and spelling of iodide and iodine)
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stable. Consisting of protons and neutrons‚ they are unaffected by chemical reactions and have remained the same since they were formed. However‚ some nuclei are unstable and spontaneously release energy in the form of a Helium nucleus (α Alpha)‚an electron (β Beta) and γ Gamma rays. These nuclei are known as radioactive and it’s not possible to predict when a particular radioactive nucleus will emit this energy but a large number of materials are said to have a ‘half life’. The half life is the time
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Grades K-5 Pencil Electrolysis Introduction: The process by which we separate the elements hydrogen and oxygen from water is called electrolysis. The word "lysis" means to dissolve or break apart‚ so the word "electrolysis" literally means to break something apart (in this case water) using electricity. It is difficult to break up water into it’s elements lots of energy is needed to do that. Through a chemical means though‚ we can separate the compound of water into the elements that combine to
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Charging by Induction Purpose: To determine the kind of charge induced on a neutral object when it is approached by a charged object. Materials: • metal-leaf electroscope • ebonite rod • fur • glass rod • silk • human finger (with body) Procedure: 1. The metal-leaf electroscope was approached‚ but not touched‚ by a negatively charged ebonite rod. The rod was moved toward and away from the metal ball on the electroscope several times. Observations were recorded
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where possible. 1. Describe metallic‚ ionic and covalent bonds. Metallic - A chemical bond in which electrons are shared over many nuclei and electronic conduction occurs. Ionic – A chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion. Covalent - A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule. 2. Explain the structure of metals‚ ionic compounds‚ covalent molecules
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light seems to come on almost immediately‚ giving the impression that the electrons in the wiring move very rapidly. Part A: In reality‚ the individual electrons in a wire move very slowly through wires. A typical speed for an electron in a battery circuit is 5.0x10 to the -4th meters per second. How long does it take an electron moving at that speed to travel a wire 1.0 centimeter‚ or 1.0x10 to the -2nd? Part B: Electrons move quickly through wires‚ but electric energy does. It moves at almost
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(or a group) gain or loses electrons. (It has an electric charge due to the imbalance and since they need to neutralise each other.) An ionic bond is a bond that transfers from one and another‚ resulting in an attraction between oppositely charged ions. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a compound of a metal (Sodium) and a non-metal (Chlorine) join together‚ the sodium being positively charged and the chlorine being negatively charged. In this reaction‚ Sodium gives electrons to the Chlorine (which turns
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