Karla Alvarez Chemistry Period One Subatomic Particle The electron is extremely small compared to all the other parts of the atom. It is negatively charged. The negative charge balances out the positive charge of the protons in the atom. Electrons are found in the electron cloud that surrounds the nucleus of an atom. The clouds are generally organized into shells. Electrons move at a quick pace‚ so you never really know where they are specifically. But after years of doing experiments‚ scientists
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The Atomic and Nuclear Structure of an Atom The atom has three main components the protons‚ neutrons‚ and electrons. The protons and neutrons make up the nucleus‚ while the electrons are found outside the atom’s nucleus. Each component of an atom has a charge to it. The protons have a positive charge. The electrons have a negative charge‚ and the neutrons have a neutral charge. The atoms also have a charge. For example hydrogen can be negative‚ positive or neutral. These are called
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their electrons very well‚ and so creating free electrons‚ carrying a negative charge to jump along the line of atoms in a wire. Resistance is caused when these electrons flowing towards the positive terminal have to ’jumps’ atoms. So if we double the length of a wire‚ the number of atoms in the wire doubles‚ so the number of jumps double‚ so twice the amount of energy is required: There are twice as many jumps if the wire is twice as long. The thinner the wire is the less channels of electrons in the
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historical development: Democritus; Aristotle; Dalton (postulates‚ law of definite proportions‚ law of multiple proportions‚ atomic model); J.J. Thompson (atomic model and electron discovery); Rutherford (atomic model and gold foil experiment); Bohr’s atomic model and origin of discontinuous energy levels; Heisenberg and electron cloud’s model; Schrodinger and wave functions b. Subatomic particles (atomic number‚ atomic mass‚ isotopes presence) c. Symbols for representing isotopes (hyphenation notation
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Electricity’s impact on Society Electricity has had multiple impacts on society both positve and negative. Electricity has had an effect on everyone in the world‚ even though some people have no understanding or have no use for electricity. For example‚ there are tribes in the Amazon who have never seen a lightbulb who have never beared witness too the heracy of Big brother and yet they are still effected by electricity. The chainsaws which cut down their beloved forests are designed by a man called
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Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory proposes that the geometric arrangement of terminal atoms‚ or groups of atoms about a central atom in a covalent compound‚ or charged ion‚ is determined solely by the repulsions between electron pairs present in the valence shell of the central atom. The number of electron pairs around the central atom can be determined by writing the Lewis structure for the molecule. The geometry of the molecule depends on the number of bonding groups (pairs of electrons) and
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four outer electrons (called valence electrons) with neighbouring atoms. Silicon is a poor conductor because the outer electrons in each atom are held firmly in place by the crystalline structure. Doping Doping is a method used to increase the conductivity of a semiconductor by adding tiny impurities to the crystal lattice. A very small proportional of silicon atoms are replaced with atoms of other elements. Two way of doping. N-type semiconductor Use atoms with five outer electrons (antimony
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silicon atom. Since the valency of silicon atom is 8 which means that there are 8 electrons in its outermost orbit. However in its natural state there are only 4 electrons bounded in the outermost orbit. Hence these 4 electrons are able to bond with another 4 electrons with 4 silicon atoms around it. The 4 free electrons that can move around throughout the substance. During the absence of electric potential these free electrons tend to remain close to their parent atoms so that they are at minimum energy
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First Ionisation energy is the measure of energy needed to remove a mole of electrons from a mole of gaseous atoms to form a mole of positively charged gaseous ions‚ also known as a cation. The general trend is that as the atomic number increases between elements Lithium to Neon the level of the first ionisation energy increases‚ as there is a stronger nuclear attraction. [Braid‚ K. et al. (2015)]. The stronger nuclear attraction along the period is caused by the number of protons increasing. When
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INTRODUCTION: ELECTROLYSIS Process used: The key process of electrolysis is the interchange of atoms and ions by the removal or addition of electrons from the external circuit. The desired products of electrolysis are often in a different physical state from the electrolyte and can be removed by some physical processes. For example‚ in the electrolysis of brine to produce hydrogen and chlorine‚ the products are gaseous. These gaseous products bubble from the electrolyte and are collected 2 NaCl +
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