that the reactivity level of Chlorine was the highest‚ Bromine was moderately lower than Chlorine‚ and Iodine had the lowest of them all. Simply‚ these results can be explained by the concept of electronegativity‚ which refers to the ability of a certain atom to attract electrons. Since electronegativity depends highly on an atom’s atomic radius in relation to the number of protons present in its nucleus‚ Chlorine was seen to have the highest reactivity because it had the smallest atomic radius in
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Formula of oxide Na2O2 MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O10 Cl2O Melting Point (C) 460 2825 2072 1700 340 -120.6 Boiling Point (C) 657 3600 2977 2230 360 2.2 State at STP Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Liquid Action of water Dissolve in water and form alkaline solution Slightly dissolve in water and form alkaline solution Insoluble in water Insoluble in water Dissolve in water and form acidic solution Dissolve in water and form acidic solution pH of aqueous solution
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Unit 2 Review: Atomic Structure‚ Nuclear Chemistry‚ Quantum Theory‚ Periodic Table Basic Atomic Structure 1. Complete the following chart. 2. Atomic mass is a decimal. Why? 3. Define Isotope. 4. Positively charged ions are formed as atoms _______________(lose‚ gain) electrons. 5. Calculate the atomic mass of the following sample of Silicon. 92.21 % 28Si‚ 4.70% 29Si‚ and 3.09% 30Si. Answer to 2 decimal places‚ remember units. 6. When an atom gains two electrons‚ it becomes an ion
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Chemical Bonding Chemical compounds are formed by the joining of two or more atoms. A stable compound occurs when the total energy of the combination has lower energy than the separated atoms. The bound state implies a net attractive force between the atoms ... a chemical bond. The two extreme cases of chemical bonds are: Covalent Bonds Covalent chemical bonds involve the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms‚ in contrast to the transfer of electrons in ionic bonds. Such bonds lead
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INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL BONDS CHEMICAL BOND Definition: A chemical bond is defined as a force that acts between two or more atoms to hold them together as a stable molecule. Main types of bond: 1. Ionic or electrovalent bond‚ 2. Covalent bond‚ 3. Coordinate covalent bond Forth type of bond: Metallic bond: The type of bonding which holds the atoms together in metal crystal. Valence electron: The electrons in the outer most energy level in an atom that takes part in chemical
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molecules cannot form hydrogen bonds with each other and therefor result in a much lower boiling point than alcohols. 76) Is this statement true or false? “As the electronegativity difference between covalently bonded atoms increases‚ the strength of the bond increases.” There is no particular pattern between electronegativity difference and bond strength. Standardized Test Prep 1) A bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons is not: c) an ionic bond 2) How many valence electrons
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Grade 10 Science –Chemistry Ionic Compounds Science Perspectives 10 - Section 5.6 Pages 192-195 Compound • A Pure Substance composed of two or more elements in a FIXED RATIO Ionic Compound • A compound made up of one or more positive metal ions (cations) and one or more negative non-metal ions (anions) Ionic Bond • The simultaneous strong attraction of positive and negative ions in an ionic compound. As noted‚ ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals. Yet‚ “why
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Shapes of molecules • Covalent molecules with non-octet structures • Shapes of molecules • The VSEPR theory • Molecular crystals of buckminsterfullerene (C60) • Carbon nanotubes Bond polarity and intermolecular forces • Electronegativity and bond polarity • Van der Waals’ forces • Factors affecting the strength of van der Waals’ forces • Hydrogen bonding • Surface tension and viscosity of liquids Topic 6 Microscopic World II Unit 23 Shapes
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Topic 5 – Bonding and Structure Revision Notes 1) Introduction • Atoms form bonds to get a full outer shell of electrons • There are three types of bonding: ionic‚ covalent and metallic • The structures produced by forming bonds are either giant or simple • The possible combinations of structure and bonding are giant ionic‚ simple covalent‚ giant covalent and giant metallic • Simple covalent is sometimes called simple molecular • Giant covalent is sometimes called giant
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Metals and alloys. Hume-Rothery rules. 1. Three types of metals. 2. Alloys. Hume-Rothery rules. 3. Electrical resistance of metallic alloys. 4. Applications of metallic alloys. 5. Steels. Super alloys. 6. Electromigration in thin wires. Three types of metals Metals share common features that define them as a separate class of materials: • Good thermal and electrical conductors (Why?). • Electrical resistance increases with temperature (Why?). • Specific heat grows linearly with temperature
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