*substitution (of a carboxylic/acid derivative) = addition + elimination - substitution at the tetrahedral intermediate from the addition of an organometallic to an aldehyde/ketone will not (usually) work as R- (i.e. H- or CH3-) is a bad leaving group - addition of a Grignard reagent to an aldehyde/ketone = stable tetrahedral intermediate (alkoxide) - addition of an alcohol to a carbonyl group in the presence of a base = unstable intermediate (hemiacetal/hydrate) - nucleophiles with good
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1) Isomerism (Unit 2) Nomenclature Reaction Mechanism (Unit 1) - Introduction to Mechanism Reaction Mechanism (Unit 2) - Nucleophilic substitution Reaction Mechanism (Unit 3) - Nucleophilic substitution Reaction Mechanism (Unit 4) - Nucleophilic substitution Reaction Mechanism (Unit 5) - Nucleophilic substitution Reaction Mechanism (Unit 6) - Nucleophilic substitution Reaction Mechanism (Unit 7) - Elimination Reaction Mechanism (Unit 8) - Elimination Reaction Mechanism (Unit 9) - Nucleophilic addition
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1‚2-alkenes can be described as cis- or trans- (review) More complex alkenes are best described as E- or Z- based on the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules (review) Stability: There are 3 factors that influence alkene stability: 1. Degree of substitution: more highly alkylated alkenes are more stable‚ so tetra > tri > di > mono-substituted. 2. Stereochemistry: trans > cis due to reduced steric interactions when R groups are on opposite sides of the double bond. 3. Conjugated alkenes are more
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Chemistry GENERAL CHEMISTRY: Atomic Structure and elementary quantum mechanics: Blackbody radiation‚ Planck’s radiation law‚ photoelectric effect‚ Compton Effect‚ de Broglie’s hypothesis‚ Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Postulates of quantum mechanics‚ Schrodinger wave equation and a particle in a box‚ energy levels‚ wave functions and probability densities‚ Schrodinger wave equation for H-atom‚ Separation of variables‚ Radial and angular functions‚ hydrogen like wave functions‚ quantum numbers
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equatorial. Draw this most stable conformation of glucose. Reactive intermediates and their properties (Chpt 5): 4. Draw the Lewis structures of methyl carbanion‚ methyl carbocation‚ methyl radical‚ and methylene carbene. Which is the most electrophilic? Which is the most nucleophilic? 5. Write a mechanism for the light-initiated reaction of cyclohexane with chlorine to give chlorocyclohexane. Draw a reaction-energy diagram for the propagation steps. You can assume that the first propagation
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0 PANJAB UNIVERSITY CHANDIGARH- 160 014 (INDIA) (Estted. under the Panjab University Act VII of 1947-enacted by the Govt. of India) FACULTY OF SCIENCE SYLLABI FOR M.Sc. (TWO YEAR COURSE ) IN CHEMISTRY 1st & 2nd YEAR( Semester System) EXAMINATIONS 2013-2014 --:O:-- 1 OUTLINES OF TESTS‚ SYLLABI AND COURSES OF READING FOR M.Sc. FIRST YEAR (SEMESTER-I) EXAMINATION OF 2013 OBJECTIVE OF THE COURSE To teach the fundamental concepts of Chemistry and their applications. The syllabus pertaining
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molecules. Alkenes are sp2 hybridized and are unsaturated because two of their hydrogen’s are missing from the saturated alkane formula (CnH2n+2). Typically alkenes are synthesized by elimination reactions‚ however‚ organic molecules can also undergo substitution reactions
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CHM456 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1 LABORATORY Contact hours: 3 hours/week Laboratory textbook: Pavia‚ Lampman‚ Kriz and Engel‚ Introduction to Organic Laboratoy Techniques 3rd Edition (2011) ** Students MUST obtain a copy of the textbook Synopsis This is an organic chemistry practical course which reinforce the theory and concepts studied in Organic Chemistry 1 (CHM456). It covers the learning of simple laboratory techniques such as reflux‚ distillation‚ extraction‚ crystallization and melting point
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Arenes The aromatic hydrocarbons also have the name arenes. They contain in their molecule one or more cycles made up from 6 carbon atoms. When the molecule is formed out of a single cycle‚ the hydrocarbons are mono nucleuses; when the molecule contains more than one cycle‚ the hydrocarbons are poly nucleuses. The simplest aromatic hydrocarbon‚ benzene‚ is compound out of just one such cycle; its formula is C6H6. The representation of benzene through a cycle of 6 carbon atoms with 3 double bounds
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formation of an alcohol group at 3460 wavenumbers and the presence of aromatic rings at 1600 and 1490 wavenumbers which confirms the successful formation of triphenylmethanol. Introduction: The Grignard reagent is an effective reducing agent that may be used to reduce a ketone to an alcohol. Generally‚ the Grignard reagent is represented by an alkyl- or aryl-magnesium halide. The nucleophilic Grignard reagent attacks an electrophilic carbon‚ which results in the formation of a carbon-carbon bond.
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