NEOPLASIA Presented by Dr Abudu Emmanuel Kunle (MBBS‚ M.Sc‚ FMCPath) Senior Lecturer and Consultant Histopathologist University of Uyo Teaching Hospital‚Uyo‚ Akwa- Ibom State‚ Nigeria. Neoplasia means the process of new growth whilst Neoplasm means a new growth. Sometimes‚ the parenchyma cells stimulate the formation of an abundant collagenous stroma‚ referred to as desmoplasia. Some tumours e.g. some cancers of breast are stony hard or scirrhous. Sarcomas have little connective tissue stroma and
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Amines are aliphatic and aromatic derivatives of ammonia. Amines‚ like ammonia‚ are weak bases (Kb = 10−4 to 10−6). This basicity is due to the unshared electron pair on the nitrogen atom. Classification and nomenclature of amines Amines are classified as primary‚ secondary‚ or tertiary based upon the number of carbon-containing groups that are attached to the nitrogen atom. Those amine compounds that have only one group attached to the nitrogen atom are primary‚ while those with two or three
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Ravat‚ and Viresh H. Shah* Department of Chemistry‚ Saurashtra University‚ Rajkot (Gujarat)‚ India‚ Pin-360005 E-mail: shah_v_h@yahoo.com Abstract In the present investigation ethyl 2-(4-carboxyphenylazo)acetoacetate 1 on condensation with various aromatic aldehydes in ethanolic NaOH solution yielded the corresponding chalcones 2a-j. These chalcones were further reacted with urea in the presence of base in ethanol‚ which led to the formation of pyrimidine derivatives 3a-j. The newly synthesized heterocyles
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CHAPTER I AIR POLLUTANTS: SOURCES AND CONTROL OF GASES Introduction: 1. According to the World Bank‚ in 2007 air pollution cost about 3.8% of China’s 2. gross domestic product‚ mainly from diseases and loss of lives. 3. World Health Organization estimates that in India alone about 500‚000 premature deaths are caused each year by indoor air pollution. 4. Serious respiratory disease-related problems have been identified for both indoor and outdoor pollution in major cities of several countries. 5.
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3-perylenepentanol‚ M4 39‚ 51 To a solution of 3-perylenepent-4-ynol‚ M3 (0.32 g‚ 0.957 mmol) in THF (20 mL)‚ Pd/C (600 mg‚ 3 wt% on activated carbon) was added. Nitrogen gas was turned off‚ hydrogen gas balloons were used to supply H2 gas to the flask. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 h under hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature. Ethyl acetate was added to the reaction mixture and the Pd/C was removed by filtration. Solvent was removed in vacuo to afford 3-perylenepentanol as yellow solid
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reaction in an Organic Chemistry lab. Its adaptation to a parallel synthesis format is straightforward. Since the dyes vary widely in color‚ the diversity of this parallel synthesis becomes obvious. It includes techniques on diazotization and electrophilic substitiution. The experient belo is made to allow studens to btain pure compounds that can be characterized by NMR and other analytical techniques‚ but color test is well enough for synthesizing the dyes and purification process is omitted.
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Comment: Treat a Grignard reagent as an alkyl nucleophile i.e. CH3MgBr is equivalent to CH3- nucleophile. The Grignard reagent can also react with RX to form a longer chain alkane. Example: CH3CH2MgBr + CH3CH2Br CH3CH2CH2CH3 + MgBr2 In general‚ basicity parallels nucleophilic strength since both of them depend on the availability of the lone pair of electrons. The Grignard reagent is not only able to function as a nucleophile; it can operate as a base too by reacting with water to
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1.4 Methods of Extraction of Essential Oils Following are the methods used to extract essential oils from aromatic and medicinal plants: • Hydrodistillation: For the isolation of essential oils by Hydrodistillation‚ the aromatic plant substances are packed in a still and a sufficient amount of water is added and brought near to a boil. Due to the influential effect of hot water and steam‚ the essential oil is unbounded from the oil glands present in the plant tissue. The combination of water
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halogen group is targeted. Enzymes like oxygenases play a major role. The bonds like ester-‚ amide-‚ or ether bonds present in the compounds are first attacked leading to breaking down of compounds. In some cases the aliphatic chains and in aromatic compounds the aromatic components may be targeted. The site and mode of attack depends on the action of enzyme‚ its concentration and the favourable
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b-CD) cavity protons as well as roxatidine acetate hydrochloride aromatic ring protons revealed the formation of a RAH–b-CD inclusion complex. Detailed FTIR and NMR spectroscopic (1H NMR‚ COSY‚ NOESY‚ ROESY) studies have been done. The stoichiometry of the complex was determined to be 1:1‚ and the overall binding constant was also determined by Scott’s method. The NOESY spectrum confirmed the selective penetration of the aromatic ring of RAH into the b-CD cavity in comparison to that of the piperidine
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