• The equilibrium law DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM forward A +8 reaction ""r=====~’~ reverse reaction Most chemical reactions do not go to completion. Once some products are formed the reverse reaction can take place to reform the reactants. In a closed system the concentrations of all the reactants and products will eventually become constant. Such a system is said to be in a state of dynamic equilibrium. The forward and reverse reactions continue to occur‚ but at equilibrium
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The Process Most electrophilic substitution reactions are irreversible but sulfonation is an exception. Treatment of benzene with "oleum" (a solution of SO3 in concentrated sulfuric acid) will give the sulfonic acid‚ the electrophilic species being sulfur trioxide which is Lewis acidic. Fig – 1 Sulphonation : Benzene equation The sulfonic acid can be converted back by treatment with hot aqueous acid. The reason for this reversibility is the fact that the Wheland intermediate is overall neutral and
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production of coal‚ a major industry in China‚ emits sulfur compounds‚ carbon and other byproducts into the air‚ which increases the risks of cancer‚ lung and heart issues. “Sulfur dioxide produced in coal combustion poses an immediate threat to the health of China’s citizens‚ contribution to about 40‚000 premature deaths a year” (Bradsher and Barboza). This not only affects the physical welfare of workers but anyone who is exposed to this tainted air. Sulfur dioxide emitted from coal combustion also contributes
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Unida Christian Colleges Unida St. Anabu I-F Imus‚ Cavite “Garlic as an Effective Insecticide” An Investigatory Project in Science Submitted by: Marielle Marie L. Camacam Christian D. Panganiban John Zebedee T. Barata Elisha Hope P. Villaruz Chelsy Anne Y. Buenabajo March 2012 Abstract Acknowledgements Table of Contents
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Eco-Industrial Parks: The Case for Private Planning Industrial ecologists are championing eco-industrial parks or EIPs as tools for pursuing sustainable development. An EIP is a community of companies located in one region that exchange and make use of each other’s by-products or energy. Among the best known is Kalundborg‚ Denmark‚ a city in which the major industries and the local government trade their waste streams and energy resources. Many commentators see Kalundborg as a model that should
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Surname Centre No. Initial(s) Paper Reference 4 3 3 5 Candidate No. 2 H Signature Paper Reference(s) 4335/2H Examiner’s use only London Examinations IGCSE Team Leader’s use only Chemistry Paper 2H Higher Tier Tuesday 6 November 2007 – Morning Time: 2 hours Question Leave Number Blank 1 2 3 4 5 Materials required for examination Nil Items included with question papers Nil 6 7 8 9 Instructions to Candidates In the boxes above‚ write your centre number‚ candidate number‚ your surname
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CIVL980 – ADVANCED COMPUTER APPLICATION GROUP PROJECT #1: Finite Element Modelling and Analysis of a Pedestrian Bridge in North Sydney Felix Le Besnerais 4410348 Tuan Vu Ho 4381920 Table of Contents Executive Summary This project details all the procedure to evaluate static and dynamic responses of a pedestrian bridge. To this end‚ we need to: Prepare sketches showing the layout of the structure including its member sizes and dimensions. Determine and calculate
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Note : APSA-80 is neither an insecticide nor a fertiliser. It is an adjuvant that enhances the performances of insecticides and fertilisers and also helps water or solution to penetrate deeper. How does APSA-80 work? APSA - 80 contains special elements - ’ Non Ironic Surfactants’ that break down the surface tension of the water. These surfactants work on the surface of the water droplet to reduce its tendency to bead up by pulling the water and the wax on the leaf surface together‚ reducing the
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INTRODUCTION Sulphuric Acid is an important chemical‚ which has large-scale industrial uses. Its major user is the phosphate fertilizer industry. Other important applications are in petroleum refining‚ steel pickling‚ rayon & staple fiber‚alum‚ explosives‚ detergents‚ plastics and fibers etc. Sulphuric Acid Industry is very old and has been continuously adopting the technological developments. It started with Lead Chamber process followed by contact rocess with Single Conversion Single Absorption
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INTRODUCTION Extracts from black pepper discourage insect pests from laying eggs on leaves and pose lower risk to humans and the environment than other pesticides‚ a University of Ottawa researcher says. The more susceptible species were pine sawflies‚ which are passed on ornamental plants and caterpillars such as the eastern tent caterpillar Black Pepper worked better when insects are soft-bodied during the larval stage because the chemical is able to penetrate
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