CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Imagine a smart microchip that is buried in the ground for a long time. Upon certain triggering conditions this chip begins to grow and consume materials from its surroundings‚ converting them into energy and structural cells. As the chip grows further‚ it reconfigures its shape to become a mobile robot. Using its recently created mobility‚ the chip becomes capable of searching and locating critical resources
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physiological response in living things. The human body‚ pain may be an underlying symptom of a disorder. Pain may arise from damage in the tissue and subsequent infiltration of immune cells to the damaged region. Similarly‚ pain may be due to injury in the nerves which play critical role as sensory system of the body (Bishop PM‚ 1950). The unpleasant feeling caused by pain compels people to seek medical assistance for appropriate treatment. Sometimes may vanish after a while even without seeking medical
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from 4 microns (.004 mm) to 100 microns (.1 mm) in diameter. Their length varies from a fraction of an inch to several feet. Neurons are nerve cells that transmit nerve signals to and from the brain at up to 200 mph. The neuron consists of a cell body (or soma) with branching dendrites(signal receivers) and a projection called an axon‚ which conduct the nerve signal. At the other end of the axon‚ the axon terminals transmit the electro-chemical signal across a synapse (the gap between the axon terminal
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blood pressure increases. If a stimulus causes blood pressure to rise the following sequence of events occurs. Baroreceptors (the receptors) pressure-sensitive nerve cells located in the walls of certain blood vessel‚ detect the higher pressure. The baroreceptors send nerve impulses (input) to the brain (control center). The brain nerve impulses (output) to the heart and blood vessels (the effectors). Heart rate decreases and blood vessels dilate (widen)‚ which cause blood pressure to decrease (response)
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understand how a neuromuscular blocking agent works one must first understand the process of muscle contraction and what has to take place in order for us to be able to move our muscles. To create a muscle contraction your brain sends a message (nerve impulse) to your muscles via axon extensions. The end of this axon forms a union with a single muscle fiber; this union is called the neuromuscular junction. The axon terminal and the muscle fiber don’t actually touch at this junction; they are attached
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cord injury is harm to any a part of the funiculus or nerves at the tip of the epithelial duct and sometimes causes permanent changes in strength‚ sensation and different body functions below the location of the injury. What happens when you have a spinal cord injury? It can cause an accident that causes your vertebrae to interrupt may also harm your neural structure. And once the neural structure is broken‚ the route is closed. Nerve impulses can’t get through. This ends up in dysfunction and loss
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Homeostasis is when the body maintains a constant balance through a series of monitored adjustments. Homeostasis must occur in animals in order for them to maintain a constant balance‚ despite the changes in the internal or external environment. Cells in animals are dependent on the internal and external environment in order for them to function. Homeostasis allows to the body to maintain a constant value in order for the cells to stay constant. An example of homeostasis is Thermoregulation. Thermoregulation
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belief that the flow of animal spirits caused behaviors. He held a mechanistic view arrived at because of the statues of St. Germaine. Descartes thought humans followed the same pattern as the statues with water flowing through tubes‚ representing nerves and the fluid that result in muscle stimulation (Millis‚ n.d.). In 1664 Thomas Willis published Anatomy of the Brain. The publication viewed the brain’s structures as
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the body it makes it’s way to the spinal cord via the peripheral nervous system’s afferent nerves (nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS). Once the virus gets into the spinal cord‚ it’s quickly sent up to the brain‚ where it begins replicating itself inside the mind’s nerve cells‚ destroying them in the process (C.O.). When it reaches the brain it moves through the efferent nerves (they carry impulses from the CNS) to the salivary‚ glands‚ they cause increased salivation. The virus does that
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Tissues Tissues are sets of the same cells carrying out particular functions these include; epithelial‚ connective‚ muscle and nervous. Epithelial tissues are the inside layer of internal and external surfaces and body cavities‚ including ducts carrying secretions from glands. They may be composed of some layers of cells‚ called compound epithelia or just a single layer which is known as simple epithelia. The lowest or bottom layer of cells is attached to the basement membrane for support and
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