Absorption & Emission of Light Stimulated Absorption & Emission‚ Spontaneous Emission E2 Incident radiation hν hν Emitted & transmitted radiation E1 Resonance condition E2-E1=hν • Rate of stimulated emission is: −dN1/dt = N1B1->2 ρ(ν) • Rate of absorption is the sum of the rated due to stimulated emission and spontaneous emission: −dN2/dt = N2B2->1 ρ(ν) + N2A2->1 where B1->2 is the Einstein transition probability for induced absorption‚ B2->1 is the Einstein transition probability
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1 Performance Study of Multimedia Services Using Virtual Token Mechanism for Resource Allocation in LTE Networks Mauricio Iturralde∗ ‚ Tara Ali Yahiya† ‚ Anne Wei‡ and André-Luc Beylot∗ de Toulouse‚ IRIT/ENSEEIHT Université Paris Sud 11‚ LRI ‡ CNAM‚ Laboratoire Cédric {mauricio.iturralde‚ andre-luc.beylot} @enseeiht.fr tara.ali-yahiya@u-psud.fr‚ anne.wei@cnam.fr † ∗ Université Abstract—The LTE specification provides QoS of multimedia services with fast connectivity‚ high mobility and security
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wavelength — the distance between the crests of the waves — or its frequency — the number of crests that pass by in a given amount of time.The higher the energy of the radiation‚ the shorter its wavelength and the higher its frequency will be. Blue light‚ for example‚ has a higher energy and therefore a higher frequency and shorter wavelength than red light Flame tests are used to identify the presence of a relatively small number of metal ions in a compound. Not all metal ions give flame colours
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Abstract: In this experiment the conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides are investigated through reflux and simple distillation. These are common procedures used to separate substances. After the reflux and distillation is complete 13C NMR and IR spectrum is used to identify the product or products for each reaction: 1a‚ 1b‚ and 2. Every individual in the group was assigned either 1a (1-propanol) or 1b (2-pentanol)‚ and 2 (1‚4-dimethyl-3-pentanol). The purpose of this experiment was to understand
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is class)? 350 m/s 3) What is the frequency of the simple sound wave above? F= 1/t t= time / # of cycles 4) What representation of sound is illustrated above? Waveform xtime ypressure Spectrogram xtime yfrequency Spectrum (Another way of asking the same question: How the above representation of sound called?) 5) What is plotted on the x axis on the figure above? Frequency x Amplitude y 6) What is the fundamental frequency (F0) of the complex sound wave above
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visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum‚ these lines are historically referred to as H-alpha‚ H-beta‚ H-gamma and H-delta where H is the element hydrogen. Balmer Series (Second) (visible light) n=2 limit = 365 nm n = 3‚ ¦Ë = 656.3 nm‚ ¦Á‚ color emitted: red n = 4‚ ¦Ë = 486.1 nm‚ ¦Â‚ color emitted: bluegreen n = 5‚ ¦Ë = 434.1 nm‚ ¦Ã‚ color emitted: violet n = 6‚ ¦Ë = 410.2 nm‚ ¦Ä‚ color emitted: violet Although physicists were aware of atomic emissions before 1885‚ they lacked a tool
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The 2G spectrum scandal involved officials in the government of India illegally undercharging mobile telephony companies for frequency allocation licenses‚ which they would use to create 2G subscriptions for cell phones. The shortfall between the money collected and the money which the law mandated to be collected is 1‚76‚379 crore (1.763 trillion) rupees (roughly equivalent to 39 billion US dollars). The issuing of licenses occurred in 2008‚ but the scam came to public notice when the Indian Income
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separation and purification‚ an Infrared Spectrum will be run to determine the composition of the recovered material. Infrared Spectroscopy is a very powerful technique used in the determination of molecular structure and the identification of unknown organic materials. The infrared spectrum yields direct information about the presence or absence of key functional groups. "The region of the infrared spectrum which is of greatest interest to organic
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2G Spectrum Scam The Rs 1‚76‚000 crore loot in telecom by the UPA govt 1) What is spectrum? What is its relation with mobile phone services? Spectrum is airwaves. Each operator is assigned a set of frequencies. In normal basic telephone service‚ a pair of wires is used for communication. But in case of mobile/wireless communications‚ airwaves are used instead of wires. These spectrum/airwaves are licensed by the Government. It is allocated in Mega Hertz (MHz) in telecom licenses. 4.2 MHz is given
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Communications and Sensors Faculty of Engineering‚ Rand Afrikaans University PO Box 524‚ Auckland Park 2006‚ South Africa Abstract-This paper presents an adaptive gain equalization technique of the gain spectrum for an Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier (EDFA) by using a tuneable Long-Period Grating ) (LPG). The gain spectrum of an EDFA at a wavelength of ) 1530nm was equalized from 5.2dB peak-to-peak to 2.3dB peak-to-peak. The LPG was fabricated by using an excimer laser and a metal mask. By means of a novel technique
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