5. MEASURING HOW POLITICAL PARTIES KEEP THEIR PROMISES1 François Petry and Benoît Collette November 2008 Abstract This chapter addresses three questions about the relation between political discourse and action: Do political parties keep their promises once elected? What are the methodologies used by scholars to demonstrate that political parties keep (or do not keep) their campaign promises? Are these methodologies valid and reliable? We answer these questions based on a review of 18
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of all married women with children--and an even higher proportion of single mothers--work outside the home‚ compared to just 16 percent in 1950. Half of all marriages end in divorce--twice the rate in 1966 and three times the rate in 1950. Three children in ten are born out of wedlock. Over a quarter of all children now live with only one parent and fewer than half of live with both their biological mother and father. Meanwhile‚ the proportion of women who remain unmarried and childless has reached
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aesthetic ability in creating realistic depiction of the world through anatomically detailed human bodies‚ harmonious perspectival space‚ and emphasis on uniformity derived from nature. However this astounding progress in artistic achievement was abruptly interrupted with the advent of Mannerism in the early 16th century. Perspectival space and the beauty of proportion were in neglect‚ replaced by alien concerns for unnatural bodily distortions and exemplification of one’s virtuosity in the rendering of
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274 J PROD INNOVMANAG 1987:4:274-283 OOOO Product Shape as a Design Innovation Strategy Marvin Berkowitz Product design has become an effective competitive tool in the hands of a number of companies. Marvin Berkowitz discusses the impact of design variations on a proven winner in the marketplace. This article discusses the use of product shape as an element of innovation strategy in food processing. Can this particular design dimension be used to achieve differentiation from competitive
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Find and cut out of a newspaper or magazine etc‚ evidence to support the idea that we are living in a more secular society. Drawing on evidence from elsewhere‚ evaluate the claim that religion is of less importance than in the past. Religion in contemporary society has been‚ and still is‚ undergoing rapid change. It is predicted that further secularisation and diversity from religious beliefs and practices will undoubtedly continue to occur. Throughout the world there is no one agreed definition
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in numerous works of art‚ and has even become a public health issue because of its prevalence. Evidently‚ this psychological condition is complicated‚ and diminishes performance in many areas. Due to the fact that it has been reaching epidemic proportions‚ it has become a mayor health issue in many countries around the world‚ as it interferes with the capacity to work‚ maintain social bonds‚ and be productive in general. One of the main problems with this disorder is that its cause is not precisely
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Nowadays‚ with the continuous rapid economic development‚ the profit distribution in social enterprises has become more and more prominent. Distributing profit wisely has become an important starting point for a social enterprise’s management and operation. The executors of social enterprises hope to get a more perfect method to distribute profit so that they can make more reasonable operation plans. Practically‚ a reasonable distribution of profits is the guarantee for the sustainable development
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Functional Currency Determination Case 10/10/2011 ABSTRACT In the dynamic global market‚ companies of all sizes‚ whether small‚ medium or transnationals interact with foreign companies and in most cases operate with currencies that are different from those that they commonly use. Foreign companies use foreign currencies for their expenditures‚ hedging strategies‚ and investing and financing activities. As a result these business activities must be reflected on the financial statements in the
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salinization is needed to reduce degradation and protect sustainable land use and management. Salinity is a natural process that occurs when dissolved salts accumulate in soil water‚ this affects plant growth and a way to monitor soil degradation with emphasis on salinization is through the use of remote sensing techniques. Remote sensing with technological improvements in the last decade is becoming important and a valuable tool. Remote sensors are quick instruments that can be used to identify and produce
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List of 10 essays for competitive exams NIRMALA List of 10 essays for competitive exams on 1. The political and economic implications of the Indo-Iran Gas Pipeline 2. The role played by the United States in promoting/hindering improved relations between India and Pakistan 3. Evaluate poverty eradication programmes in India 4. Is it possible to distinguish between judicial review and judicial activism in India? 5. Social and economic consequences of abolishing child labour in India 6. Discuss in
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