Journal of Applied Psychology 1973‚ Vol. 58‚ No. 1‚ 116-121 EFFECTS OF ITEM FORMAT ON ITEM DISCRIMINATION AND DIFFICULTY ARTHUR L. DUDYCHA 1 AND JAMES B. CARPENTER 2 Purdue University The tests and measurement literature is replete with multiple-choice item construction rules‚ most of which have little or no empirical verification. Item stem orientation (positive/negative)‚ structure (open/closed)‚ and the presence or absence of an inclusive alternative were systematically investigated
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In this manner‚ it can be said that symbolic-interactionist theories of wrongdoing are concerned less with qualities than with the path in which social implications and definitions can create reprobate conduct. The suspicion‚ obviously‚ is that these implications and definitions‚ these symbolic varieties‚ influence behaviour. Besides‚ initial forms of symbolic-interactionist theories concentrated on how young people obtained these implications and definitions from others‚ particularly peers; all
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explanations of crime and deviance. In looking at the Marxist explanation of crime and deviance one must also look to the non-sociologist explanations and those of other different groups in order to come to an informed view of the subject. The non-sociologist definition of crime and deviance would be that deviance is uncommon behaviour‚ something that offends the morals or the majority of society‚ without being harmful or serious enough to be criminal. Whereas a criminal act is an act which
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I understand the guilty offender to be blameworthy and that desert theories in criminal justice are premised on notions of individual blameworthiness. Within the criminal law this is historically referred to as the mens rea requirement. An agent has the mental state of purpose with respect to a conduct if and only if the agent intends to engage in the conduct and understands its nature. Having a guilty mind means that the criminal knows certain things and chose (or failed to choose) certain things
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General Theory of Crime Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi have devised the General Theory of Crime‚ or the GTC‚ as a way of explaining root causes of criminal behavior in an effort to find a solution to the problem of crime in America. The GTC is defined as: A developmental theory that modifies social control theory by integrating concepts from biosocial‚ psychological‚ routine activities and rational choice theories. (1) Unlike other crime theories‚ the GTC considers the criminal offender
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that tends to confuse the general populous. Criminals have always had a mysterious stigma attached to them‚ with many people giving conflicting explanations as to the reason behind their heinous behaviors. However while their motives are unknown‚ it is known that criminals share a multitude of common characteristics. By analyzing these characteristics‚ a relationship can be found between uncontrollable early life factors and increased tendencies for criminal activity. These factors can be examined through
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Assess the functionalist view of crime and deviance. [21 marks] This essay will detail the functionalist perspective of crime and deviance. Functionalist theories began to emerge after the industrial revolution in the 18th century. This period was called the enlightenment‚ and brought about scientific belief as opposed to the feudalist beliefs of religion. Religion no longer had such a powerful impact on peoples’ lives. The aim of sociological theories such as functionalism is to cure social ills
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This chapter focuses on deviance‚ theories of deviance‚ crime‚ and types of crimes. Deviance can be interpreted in many ways. “Deviance is socially defined” (p 126) Deviance van be defined as a thing someone has done that breaks the social norms of a large group and results in a punishment‚ like mores. Deviance has been shifting its meaning overtime. An example of the book gives is of a once deviant act that is not seen as deviant anymore is someone have a tattoos. Everyone used to have to hide their
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SOS 450-01 Applied Learning Theory Sue Van Allen Reflection Paper June 16‚ 2012 This is my reflection paper on a class I really enjoyed and the books… well‚ not so much! But I will do my best to revisit and summarize them all. The Dancing Wu Li Masters Gary Zukav and the others present developed the idea of physics as the dance of the Wu Li Masters--the teachers of physical essence. Zukav explains the concept further: The Wu Li Master dances with his student. The Wu Li Master does not
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[pic] [pic]he FCB Grid (Vaughn‚ 1980‚ 1986) uses involvement (high-low) and think/feel as the two dimensions for classifying product categories. This classification suggests that purchase decisions are different when thinking is mostly involved and others are dominantly involved with feeling. In addition‚ different situations also exist‚ resulting in decision-making processes‚ which require either‚ more or less involvement. The product category matrix is fabricated using these two dimensions. Vaughn
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