Grant Thermodynamics – Enthalpy of Reaction and Hess’s Law I. Purpose The purpose of this lab is to verify Hess’s Law through the three reactions of NaOH and HCl‚ NH4Cl and NaOH‚ and NH3 and HCl. The sum of the enthalpies of the first two reactions should equal the enthalpy of the third reaction. II. Background Hess’s Law is used to determine the enthalpy of a reaction from adding two or more preceding reactions. To determine the enthalpies of certain chemical reactions
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Liposomes of specific composition were prepared using a standard protocol. Briefly‚ Overnight hydration of lipid thin film obtained by high pressure vacuum evaporation of lipid mixture was done using Buffer A (Hepes-10 mM‚ KCL-150 mM‚ and 2mM EDTA‚ pH 7.4). This was followed by short periods of shaking and bath sonication for better retrieval of the lipids. Vesicles were generated from this initial mixture by freeze-thawing (10 cycles) and bath sonication for 20 min. 100 nm liposomes were produced
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Experiment 3 A Cycle of Copper Reactions Chemistry Department UCC 1st Year Practicals Introduction n n n n n Copper is one of the most important metals. Copper is reddish with a bright metallic lustre It is malleable‚ ductile‚ and a good conductor of heat and electricity (second only to silver in electrical conductivity) Its alloys‚ brass and bronze‚ are very important Has various oxidation states: 0 in elemental copper‚ +1‚ and +2 which is observable in corroded
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Copper was the first metal that is used by humans as weapons and tools. It is shinny and has a reddish brown color. It’s application toward humans has really changed the way we live. Copper is an excellent conductor of electricity‚ which is often used as electrical wires or cables in generators‚ motors and electric products. In addition‚ it is also an outstanding conductor of heat‚ which is used in radiators and heating systems. Since it does not react with water and corrode easily‚ it is widely
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Zinc Tris-thiourea Sulfate (ZTS) is a Semi Organic Nonlinear Optical (NLO) material which finds applications in the area of laser technology‚ optical communication‚ data storage technology‚ and optical computing etc. The author has successfully grown ZTS crystal by gel method. Gel technique has been adopted at ambient temperature to attain better result. The grown crystals were transparent and colourless. The crystal size has been obtained the range about 5mm X 3mm X 2mm. Thermal study of ZTS crystal
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DETERMINATION OF ENTHALPY CHANGE OF NEUTRALIZATION IA Criteria Assessed: DCP CE MS Introduction When an alkali neutralizes an acid‚ a salt and water are formed. Aqueous hydrogen ions (H+(aq)) from the acid react with the hydroxide ions (OH- (aq)) from alkali‚ forming water. The identity of salt will depend on the nature of the acid and alkali used. H+(aq) + OH- (aq) → H2O(L) The combination of H+ and OH- ions in this way releases energy. In this practical‚ the enthalpy changes accompanying
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Copper Sun By: Sharon Draper The novel Copper Sun is a searing work of historical fiction and is action-packed‚ multifaceted‚ and character-rich. It describes a young girl’s life that was stolen from her village‚ sold to the highest bidder‚ enslaved‚ beaten‚ and mistreated. It expresses the different emotions that were felt as the girl went through her long and tiresome journey. Throughout‚ the young girl named Amaris journey‚ she encountered several different characters with similar but different
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: The copper cycle IN TRODUCTION The purpose of the experiment is to recognize that change of state‚ change in colour‚ formation of a precipitate‚ or the evolution of heat are associated with a chemical change; to study reactions of copper. Copper is an element that can be found in nature in a variety of different compounds. The most common natural ore is the sulphide‚ known as chalcocite‚ Cu2S. This mineral is an important source of copper metal because it is about 80% copper by weight
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experiment‚ we were trying to see whether copper‚ after a chain of chemical reactions‚ will revert back to its elemental form. Procedure: First‚ I added nitric acid with copper in a beaker‚ which turned into a copper nitrate‚ a blue-green solution. Afterwards‚ I added sodium hydroxide‚ and my solution colored to a dark blue solution called copper hydroxide. I heated the solution to evaporate the water and I got a brownish-blackish solid called copper oxide. Once the solid appeared‚ I poured
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The mean data observed show a number of trends. The average weight and length tend to decrease as the amount of Ammonium Sulfate approaches the full recommended dose. On the other hand‚ the average amount of protein per gram of tissue tends to increase as the amount of Ammonium Sulfate approaches the full recommended dose. Our null hypothesis was that there is no difference between the mean weights or the mean lengths of the seedlings two different treatments. (A+B‚ A+C‚ and B+C) Each of these
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