expansion process. Introduction Isentropic means no change in entropy. Entropy is a thermodynamic property that is the measure of a system’s thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work. In simple terms‚ the measure of the level of disorder in a closed but changing system‚ a system in which energy can only be transferred in one direction from an ordered state to a disordered state. Higher the entropy‚ higher the disorder and lower the availability of the system’s energy
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Decision Trees 1. 7 7 • Entropy(S) = − 11 log2 ( 11 )− 4 4 log2 ( 11 ) 11 = 0.946 2. 3. • Pages: 45 50 72 100 120 142 150 Class: N Y Y N Y Y Y Thresholds : 47.5‚ 86‚ 110‚ 175‚ 250‚ 675 200 N 300 Y 350 Y (a) Threshold(T h) = 47.5 Entropy(ST h<47.5 ) = 0 7 3 3 7 log2 ( 10 ) − 10 log2 ( 10 ) = 0.881 Entropy(ST h≥47.5 ) = − 10 1 10 Gain(S‚ Pages) = 0.946 − 11 · 0 − 11 · 0.881 = 0.145 (b) Threshold(T h) = 86 Entropy(ST h<86 ) = − 32 log2 ( 32 ) − 13 log2 ( 31 ) = 0.918 Entropy(ST h≥86 ) = − 58 log2
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was measured at the crack tip. Due to the material’s response to the unexpected movement‚ dislocations and defects go along with the surface intrusion and extrusion‚ the surface temperature increases rapidly at the beginning of the test. A typical entropy accumulation was plotted as a function‚ noting the number of cycles for the low car-bon steel specimen during the entire FCG test under CAL and VAL conditions. Examination of Fig. 3 reveals that the temperature evolution under-went three distinct
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only on state of system not upon path is called state function eg. P‚ V‚ T‚ E‚ H‚ S etc. 4. Extensive & Intensive Properties: Properties which depends on quantity of matter called extensive prop. eg. mass‚ volume‚ heat capacity‚ enthalpy‚ entropy etc. The properties which do not depends on matter present depends upon nature of substance called Intensive properties. eg. T‚P‚ density‚ refractive index‚ viscosity‚ bp‚ pH‚ mole fraction etc. 5. Internal energy: The total energy with a
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* . Introduction Endothermic reactions are accompanied by the absorption of heat. The dissolving of ammonium nitrate in water is an example of an endothermic reaction. The solution resulting from this mixture is colder than either the ammonium nitrate or the water. This is the simple explanation of what happens in an instant ice pack. The more detailed information will be discussed in the following paragraphs. Cold Packs Most cold packs come with a fabric cover made to absorb condensation and
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Reprinted with corrections from The Bell System Technical Journal‚ Vol. 27‚ pp. 379–423‚ 623–656‚ July‚ October‚ 1948. A Mathematical Theory of Communication By C. E. SHANNON T I NTRODUCTION HE recent development of various methods of modulation such as PCM and PPM which exchange bandwidth for signal-to-noise ratio has intensified the interest in a general theory of communication. A basis for such a theory is contained in the important papers of Nyquist 1 and Hartley2 on this subject
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strangled (Adelman‚ Smith‚ Herbes-Sommers‚ Strain‚ MacLowry‚ Stange‚ Garcia‚ 2008). Both cab drivers ended up victims of violence‚ which resulted in two unnecessary deaths. Another account is made by the Andersons of a young boy who was also shot. The entropy of violence upon this young boy caused him to become another unnecessary
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The research methodology in Figure 3.1 is based on Yogesh Kumar Singh (2006) book. The first step on doing research is to define the research problem. This is the most crucial step of the research. Then clarifying and stating the problem that delimit the problem from the broad research problem. Literature review is the next step after the research problem is specified. This review the research that wanted to be conducted with other people’s work that is similar and also specify what makes the research
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retrieval. In Machine Learning: ECML-98‚ Tenth European Conference on Machine Learning‚ 1998. In AAAI-98 Workshop on Learning for Text Categorization‚ 1998. Tech. rep. WS-98-05‚ AAAI Press. [9] K. Nigam‚ J. La↵erty‚ and A. McCallum. Using maximum entropy for text classification. IJCAI-99 Workshop on Machine Learning for Information Filtering‚ pages 61-67‚ 1999. [10] Bikel‚ D. M. 2000. A statistical model for parsing and word-sense disambiguation. In Proceedings of the 2000 Joint SIGDAT Conference on
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errors Predictive coding gain Adaptive intra-interframe DPCM Conditional Replenishment Bernd Girod: EE398B: Image Communication II DPCM no. 1 Principle of DPCM input s + e quantizer + s predictor + s’ e’ entropy coder channel coder output s’ + predictor s + e’ entropy decoder channel decoder Prediction error Reconstruction Reconstruction error = quantization error e= s−s ˆ s ′ = e′ + s ˆ s′ − s = e′ − e = q DPCM no. 2 Bernd Girod: EE398B: Image Communication
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