Cells are the structural and functional units of all living organisms; each specialised to perform dedicated duties throughout their life span. All living organisms can be sorted into one of two groups depending on the fundamental structure of their cells. These two groups are the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes. A Prokaryote cell is the first form of cells for many millions of years until the eukaryote cell evolved from the prokaryote cell‚ which created life. Prokaryote cells are organisms made
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_____ 3. Questions 15 points/ _____ Lactase enzyme lab OBJECTIVES: 1. Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms * * 2. Compare the structures and functions of the major biological molecules(carbohydrates‚ proteins‚ lipids‚ and nucleic acids) as related to the survival of organisms. * 3. Investigate and describe the structure and function of enzymes and explain their importance in biological systems
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from sunlight. Plants‚ algae‚ and some bacteria use the energy captured during photosynthesis for their metabolic reactions. During photosynthesis in plants‚ chlorophyll and enzymes in leaves convert certain wavelengths of light into chemical energy. A simple equation can be used to represent photosynthesis. Enzymes and Chlorophyll light energy CO2 H2O carbohydrate O2 In this investigation you will examine the relationship between the amount of light energy available and the rate of use
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Experiment #1 1. At substrate concentration‚ the enzyme is working at “maximum efficiency.” With a concentration at 40‚ it produced 2‚339 products. 2. The maximum velocity of a reaction is reached when the active sites are almost continuously filled. Increased substrate concentration after this point will not increase the rate. The reaction rate increases as substrate concentration is increased. It will soon level off though. 3. When the concentration is at low substrate‚ most of the enzyme
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1. A) I would expect the active site of nylonase to consist mainly of polar amino acids with a few nonpolar amino acids as well because the substrate for nylonase is polar overall‚ but has many nonpolar bonds. What makes me think that the nylonase enzyme is polar is that the substrate that would bind to the active site of nylonase has extreme polarity between carbon and oxygen‚ and between hydrogen and nitrogen due to their differences in electronegativity’s‚ but it still has the nonpolar bonds between
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Abstract: Enzymes‚ molecules that speed up chemical reactions‚ are specific to one substrate. In this experiment the substrate hydrogen peroxide and the enzyme catalase will be used. The higher the concentration of potato extract‚ or catalase‚ the faster the reaction and the more substrate present will result in a decrease in the time of the reaction. The amount of concentrations of enzymes and substrates are changed to determine if the reaction is further catalyzed by a greater concentration of
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ABSTRACT Enzymes are biological catalysts; they cause reactions to happen that would not normally occur due to the activation energy that would be required. They bring together substrates and cause chemical reactions that are essential for life. Without enzymes life processes‚ and life in of itself‚ would not be possible. Enzymes are also special because very little of the actual enzyme is actually used up in the reaction. In this lab two different factors‚ temperature and pH‚ were tested to see
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Discussion The primary purpose of this experiment was to determine the optimum temperature range for the activity of the enzyme lactase. Extreme temperatures can have a detrimental effect on enzymes; very hot temperatures can cause the denaturation in the enzyme‚ which is the loss of protein structure. This causes a change in the shape of the enzyme leading to its inability to perform its function. As previously stated‚ the alternate hypothesis read: the optimal temperature range for lactase activity
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Title: “The Effect of Substrate Concentration‚ Enzyme Concentration‚ pH and Temperature on Enzyme Activity” Abstract: In the following experiments we will measure precise amounts of potato extract as well as Phenylthiourea‚ combined with or without deionized water and in some instances change the temperature and observe and record the reaction. We will also investigate the different levels of prepared pH on varying samples of the potato extract and the Phenylthiourea and record the results.
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Enzymes are biological molecules (proteins) that act as a catalyst and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life‚ for example a piece of steak that is being digested into energy. Molecules found at the beginning of the process are called substrates‚ and these enzymes exchange them into differing molecules known as products. Nearly all-metabolic processes in a cell need enzymes in order to function at rates that are fast enough to sustain existence. Those who are lactose intolerant are simply
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