Introduction. Developed by social psychologists Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor‚ social penetration theory explains how relational closeness develops. Closeness develops only if individuals proceed in a gradual and orderly fashion from superficial to intimate levels of exchange as a function of both immediate and forecast outcomes. Personality structure: a multilayered onion. The outer layer is the public self. The inner core is one’s private domain. Closeness through self-disclosure. The main
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especially political ones‚ should be unbiased by religious influence.Some scholars are now arguing that the very idea of secularism will change. Secularism draws its intellectual roots from Greek and Roman philosophers such as Marcus Aurelius and Epicurus; medieval Muslim polymaths such as Ibn Rushd; Enlightenment thinkers such as Denis Diderot‚ Voltaire‚ Baruch Spinoza‚ John Locke‚ James Madison‚ Thomas Jefferson‚ and Thomas Paine; and more recent freethinkers‚ agnostics‚ and atheists such as Robert
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When considering the nature of life and death‚ as this essay will explore‚ we must understand that there are multiple ways of looking at the concept of death. Firstly‚ it is necessary to discuss Nagel’s argues that death is intrinsically bad because it deprives us of life‚ and whether or not this is true in light of the Epicurean argument that something we are not able to experience cannot be bad. However‚ there is a possible refuting of the Epicurean argument involving the idea that something can
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Humanism is a doctrine‚ attitude‚ or way of life that is centered on human interests or values and stresses an individual’s dignity and worth and capacity for self-realization through reason. It was first developed in ancient Greece and Rome. It is no coincidence that many of our legal codes go back to Rome and many scientific and technical terms and ideas back to ancient Greece. But Greece in particular has influenced philosophy‚ which celebrates reason. We use the term Classical Humanism to refer
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originated by Albert Ellis‚ Ph.D. in the mid-1950’s. Ellis developed his approach in reaction to his disliking of the in-efficient and in-directive nature of Psychoanalysis. The philosophic origins of RET go back to the Stoic philosophers‚ including Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius. While rooted in rather different theories‚ these two traditions found common ground in focusing on the "here and now"‚ and on alleviating symptoms. CBT is a short-term‚ goal-oriented psychotherapy treatment that takes a hands-on
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Introduction: In order to overcome behavioral problems such as anxiety‚ depression or fear‚ individuals usually communicate their problems or anxieties with their trusted friends or family members. In case of a somewhat complicated problem‚ a counselor is consulted. These are a relatively simple form of psychotherapies that individuals have been practicing from centuries. However‚ with the development of modern science and advancements in the field of psychology‚ theorists have identified some
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Set in Our Ways: Why Change Is So Hard In “Set in Our Ways: Why change is so hard” the author argues that people are most likely to change their lives before their twenties and less likely after their thirties. The author’s research concludes that openness declines in adulthood and that such fact appears around the world and in all cultures‚ thus forming a genetic basis. After reading the article‚ I began to think about my own life and if I want to change something‚ and what may be really needed
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“Wealth consists not in having great possessions‚ but in having few wants”. This great quote by the great Epictetus touches upon the materialistic values that have had been given so much importance to in this society. But when we think of wealth in general‚ the imagery that forms in our mind is not of a welfare state‚ the happy utopian world where everyone is self-sufficient; but that of expensive cars‚ solitaires and stacks of cash. But do you think that is really it? I think not. Many economists
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freeing the body of pain and anxiety‚ living in moderation‚ caring more about friends and family than material goods‚ and finally and most importantly; thinking positively and rationally. These ideas are fundamental for living an advantageous life. As Epicurus says: living a life worthwhile is a life where our body is free from pain and the mind from anxiety. Pain and anxiety are illusions that are caused by our mind. In other words‚ we would not experience pain and anxiety if we did not have any of our
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Chapter 1 The Philosophy of Happiness Aristotle on Happiness Since the earliest days of Western thought philosophers have concerned themselves with the nature of happiness. One of the earliest to ask the question ‘what is happiness?’ was Aristotle‚ who‚ in a manner typical of philosophers‚ before providing an answer insisted on making a distinction between two different questions. His first question was what was meant by the word ‘happiness’—or rather‚ its ancient Greek equivalent eudaimonia. His
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