The activities of MDM2 are highly controlled by extracellular and intracellular stress signals.These signals include genotoxic stress signals‚ ribosomal stress‚ oncogenic activation‚ and psychological stress signals. They function through distinct signalling pathways to regulate the ability of MDM2 to bind with p53‚ MDM2 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity‚ and the cellular localization of MDM2. The ability of MDM2 to export p53 to cytoplasm is blocked by the phosphorylation of MDM2 at these two positions
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different types. These are called exitatory neurotransmitters and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Exitatory neurotransmitters stimulate different parts of the brain. Three wellknown types of exitatory neurotransmitters are dopamine‚ norepinephrine‚ epinephrine. Inhibitory neurotransmitters calm the brain and create balance. Three different types of inhibitory neurotransmitters are serotonin‚ gaba and dopamine. Although dopamine was already mentioned as an exitatory neurotransmitter‚ it is special
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These phases are widely overlapping and interconnected. The first stage‚ hemostasis begins immediately after injury. Platelets consolidate around the site and cytokines‚ hormones and and chemokines are released into the surrounding area. Epinephrine‚ norepinephrine‚ serotonin‚ and thromboxane cause vasoconstriction‚ or the tightening of muscle cells to constrict blood vessels. This process helps limit further blood loss. The activated platelets attach to exposed collagen and release growth factors
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Glands-GH‚ Prolactin‚ ACTH‚ FSH‚ LH‚ TSH‚ ADH‚ oxytocin Hypothalamus-releases a releasing hormone Pineal Gland-melatonin Thyroid –calcitonin‚ Thyroxin (T4)‚ Triiodothreonine (T5) Parathyroid-parathyroid hormone Thymus-thymosin Adrenals-epinephrine‚ norepinephrine‚ aldosterone‚ cortisol Ovaries-estrogen & progesterone Pancreas-insulin & glucagon Testes-Testosterone 17.
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1.0 Definitions of Sepsis ! Sepsis is often referred to as either blood poisoning or septicaemia. Sepsis occurs when an infections spreads through the blood‚ causing symptoms to develop throughout the whole body. It is where the body’s defence mechanisms respond to an infection in some part of the body which resulting in symptoms such as fever‚ hypothermia‚ heart rate greater than 90 beats per minute‚ altered mental status‚ swelling of the extremities‚ and high blood glucose in diabetic
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hormone which stimulates normal skeletal growth during childhood. It can also produce prolactin‚ the hormone that stimulates milk production. The endocrine system also produces the adrenal glands. Two hormones that are related to it are epinephrine and norepinephrine. The pineal gland produces the melatonin
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OF PNS: Cholinergic vs. Adrenergic Cholinergic: All preganglionic and parasympathetic postganglionic Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter at ganglia‚ nmj‚ and muscarinic tissue synapses Adrenergic: Postganglionic sympathetic neurons (most). Norepinephrine is the transmitter Exceptions: Cholinergic transmission in sympathetic system - all ganglia‚ adrenal medulla‚ sweat glands (muscarinic) Dopaminergic innervation in sympathetic system - renal blood vessels Important steps of Neurotransmission:
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sodium retention‚ edema‚ increase glucose levels in blood‚ redistribution of fat in belly or trunk‚ moon face (fat around face)‚ buffalo hump (fat build up behind neck around C7) Adrenal medulla- center of adrenal gland -produces Epinephrine and norepinephrine - mimic and enhance sympathetic nervous system and response - increase heart rate‚ dilate pupils‚ increase metabolism‚ shunt blood supply (more to skeletal muscle) Lymphatic system- Functions:- produce & maintain lymphocytes
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There are four structural levels of the body. Cells‚ tissues‚ organs and organ system. Cells are the basic structure and make up tissues. Two or more tissues make up the organs and the organ system are 2 or more organs that function together. One of the main health benefits of exercising is that it helps normalize the glucose‚ leptin‚ insulin levels by increasing insulin/leptin receptor sensitivity. This optimizes our overall health and prevents chronic diseases. Exercising has the capability to
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Autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system (ANS or visceral nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system functioning largely below the level of consciousness‚ and controls visceral functions. The ANS affects heart rate‚ digestion‚ respiration rate‚ salivation‚ perspiration‚ diameter of the pupils‚ micturition (urination)‚ and sexual arousal. Whereas most of its actions are involuntary‚ some‚ such as breathing‚ work in tandem with the conscious
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