Campbell’s AP Biology Notes Chapter 48: Nervous Systems Command and Control Center * The human brain contains an estimated 100 billion nerve cells‚ or neurons * Each neuron my communicate with thousands of other neurons * Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technology that can reconstruct a 3-D map of brain activity * The results of brain imaging and other research methods reveal that groups of neurons function in specialized circuits dedicated to different tasks
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 1) KNOW ALL OF THE ENDOCRINE GLAND & HOROMONES * Hypothalamus Although it is part of the brain‚ the hypothalamus secretes several hormones and is very closely related to the activity of the endocrine system. * The hormones it secretes are: * Releasing hormones – stimulate the secretion of specific anterior pituitary hormones * Release inhibiting hormones – inhibit the secretion of specific anterior pituitary hormones Pituitary * A small
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the same and opposite gender (Fitzgerald‚ 2008). The specific chemicals are serotonin and norepinephrine. In this case having a significant amount serotonin with low levels of norepinephrine can cause an individual’s senses to be duller than that of an individual with baser levels. Fitzgerald points to this because of the effects of anti-depressants some of which are meant to raise the levels of norepinephrine are able to make a person senses feel sharper or more vivid. In monkeys and in humans the
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producing neurons. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain that is involved in rewards and pleasure‚ many addictive drugs simulate its effects. Dopamine is an organic catecholamine chemical‚ produced in the basal ganglia and of which epinephrine and norepinephrine are made from the dopamine base. Degeneration is found in the basal ganglia’s substantia nigra and dorsal stratum where α-synuclein point mutations or misfolds decreases dopamine production (8). This results in uncontrolled excitatory
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used to effectively manage ADHD symptoms‚ particularly hyperactive behavior and violent tendencies. It was found that anti-hypertensive drugs clonidine and guanfacine can improve the brain’s use of dopamine and inhibit the production of too much norepinephrine. Clonidine was also discovered to be better than stimulants at reducing hyperactivity‚ impulsivity‚ and mood swings. But are these ADHD medications necessarily safer than stimulant drugs? There are many kinds of drugs that reduce blood pressure
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A Companion Publication to BrainFacts.org A PRIMER ON THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM A PRIMER ON THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM A companion to BrainFacts.org A PUBLIC INFORMATION INITIATIVE OF: P r e fa c e Over the past two decades‚ scientific knowledge about the structure and function of the brain and nervous system and understanding of brain-based disorders have increased exponentially. Neuroscientists are using remarkable new tools and technologies to learn how the brain controls
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treatments would be useless to humans. My youngest brother suffers from severe bronchiole asthma. The animals involved in research for the treatment of asthma include steers and guinea pigs. For example‚ the adrenal glands of steers produce epinephrine. Epinephrine is a neurotransmitter used in the treatment of asthma. The controlling hormone‚ ACTH‚ found in the pituitary gland of steers‚ is used in medications to relieve the symptoms of asthma. The guinea pig is another animal used in the research
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contractile force of the neurogenic heart. The heart rate of the neurogenic and myogenic hearts is regulated by neurotransmitters. Hearts in vertebrates are excited by epinephrine and serotonin although with varied effects and inhibited by acetylcholine. Invertebrates’ heart rates can be increased due to acetylcholine‚ serotonin and epinephrine. Crayfish heart rates will decrease as temperature decreases because they are poikilotherms. The heart rate slows due to decreased
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teachers and school staffers who are educated enough to know how to prevent a reaction and what to do if one should occur‚" Acebal says. Next on the priority list: ready access to an EpiPen‚ or epinephrine injector‚ which helps stop the immune-system reaction to allergens via a shot of the hormone epinephrine (aka adrenaline). "The kids themselves are also an important part of the equation‚" she adds. "Whatever approach a school chooses‚ kids know that they will have to manage what will likely be a
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Introduction: Crayfish also known as Procambarus clariia are classified as a decapod crustaceans related to lobsters‚ crabs‚ and shrimp. They breathe through the gills as they are aquatic animals but they can survive for short time outside the water. They have a hard‚ calcified exoskeleton that must be shed as they grow. In front of the first abdominal segment locates crayfish heart in the dorsal portion of cephalothorax. Crayfish are poikilothermic as their internal temperature is proportional
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