Chapter 1 Key Concepts • Philosophy: from Greek roots meaning “the love of wis¬dom.” • The primary areas of philosophy are metaphysics‚ which addresses the problem of what is real; epistemology‚ which is the study of knowledge; axiology‚ which is the study of values in general; ethics‚ which concerns itself with the good life and with moral value and moral reasoning; aesthetics‚ which is the study of art in all its forms; political philosophy‚ which is the study of the state and the nature
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Born in 1724‚ Immanuel Kant became an extremely important Prussian philosopher. His parents were poor as he grew up‚ and were part of a strict religious group – a protestant group known as Pietism. When he was sixteen‚ Kant went to university in Prussia and received the equivalent of a doctoral degree by the age of 31. He taught as a professor of logic and mathematics at the university and was an extremely popular lecturer‚ because people wanted to hear what he had to say. He wrote several notable
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Is the physical world more or less real than the spiritual or psychological world? Is there such a thing as a soul? If so‚ how does it survive outside of a physical body? Do all people have free will‚ or are their lives determined by fate? 2. Epistemology: How is anything known? What is the basis for knowledge? Is it innate reason‚ experience‚ or something else? Is all knowledge subjective‚ or are there some universal truths? What is the relationship between faith and reason? What can artificial
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since it is not concrete and unchanging for each person. Nature of Knowledge and Learning: Plato’s ideas on knowledge has survived throughout the ages and is still relevant in today’s society. Today it has come to be known as Platonic epistemology. Platonic Epistemology: Plato believed that knowledge is innate‚ or inborn‚ and that the development of ideas buried deep in the soul‚ and may be guided out by teachers. Plato drew a sharp distinction between knowledge‚ which is certain‚ and mere opinion
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Feldman on Contextualism “Epistemology robs us of our knowledge” (David Lewis). This statement is a direct result of skeptical theory in the epistemological community. For decades‚ philosophers have struggled with the possibility that individuals cannot know anything about the external world based on their senses. Many skeptical scenarios have been proposed‚ from Descartes’ “not being able to rule out the possibility that he is dreaming”‚ to the “Brain in the Vat” scenario‚ the possibility that
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John Locke was an English philosopher in the seventeen century. He was considered as one of the most highly influential and important enlightenment thinkers of all history. He wrote about political philosophy‚ epistemology‚ and education. Locke’s writings helped found modern Western philosophy and made an enormous impact. In 1690‚ he wrote “The Second Treatise‚” which compromised an idea of society based on natural rights and contract theory. In this portion of work‚ he came up with revolutionary
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The Brain-in-a-Vat hypothesis is a notion that originates from epistemology: a branch of philosophy that investigates the nature and limitations of human knowledge. More specifically‚ the hypothesis comes from a subset of epistemology called‚ skepticism. Skepticism questions the possibility of certainty in knowledge. It has become a well-accepted theory in the mind of the skeptic that knowledge consists of one’s beliefs that are both true and infallibly justified. Throughout this essay you will find
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In John Dewey’s essay Truth and Consequences‚ he criticizes and reevaluates the traditionally held belief that a true proposition should contain a reference to that which is true about itself. For Dewey‚ truth should not make a reference to what is ’really’ perceived‚ because that is already implied when speaking about anything. Instead‚ he suggests thinking about truth as that which will fulfill the requirements of future problem solving activity. In Section one‚ I will summarize Dewey’s argument
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book seems to be the nature of justice‚ a topic in political philosophy‚ but Plato also has his characters explore issues in philosophical cosmology‚ philosophical theology‚ philosophical anthropology‚ ethics‚ aesthetics‚ and epistemology. The parts of the Republic that are contained in our text (pp. 107-123) focus on Plato’s idea (ideal?) of the Philosopher Ruler. According to Plato‚ the best possible political system (state) will be ruled (governed) by PHILOSOPHERS
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Title Page Summary The basis of the book Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity: An Introduction to Worldview Issues‚ Philosophical Foundations‚ and Models of Integration by David N. Entwistle is that putting psychology and Christian theology together will help understand people better than using the two separately. Entwistle gives reasons why Christianity and Psychology can coexist and be used together to help make humanity better. The two books of God as described by Entwistle
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