Paige Wicks-Niehaus A & P II Review Sheet 38 (1-7‚ 9-17‚ 19‚ 20) 10/02/2011 1. Mucosa – epithelium‚ lamina propria‚ muscularis mucosae; secretion‚ absorption‚ protection Submucosa – nutrition‚ protection Muscularis externa – regulates GI motility Serosa or Adventitia – visceral peritoneum; reduce friction‚ anchor/protect organs 2. Alimentary‚ digestive 3. It can expand and contract; number of layers 4. Replaced by smooth muscle 5. Large intestine breaks stuff down‚ colon
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How bacteria can affect the lives of humans and other organisms Bacteria can enter the body in 3 different ways. Through the gas exchange system‚ by breathing in pathogens‚ most are trapped in the mucus lining in the lung epithelium. There are also cilia that move the mucus up the trachea and into the mouth where it is removed. However some bacteria is still able to reach the alveoli where they invade cells and cause damage. Another way it can enter the body is through the skin‚ if the skin is
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75‚000 or more of our countrywomen will die from this disease every year. Hence India accounts for 26.7% of the incidence and 27% of deaths due to this disease world-wide. This disease is truly a scourge for our countrywomen. Cervical cancer can be detected in early or pre-invasive stages with the help of screening‚ thus greatly reducing the morbidity and mortality. In developed countries with an organized Pap’s smear screening program on a national level‚ the incidence and mortality from cervical
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blood back to the heart. 7. Name the three types of cells in the alveolus: 1. Type I cells; simple squamous epithelium 2. Alveolar macrophages; removes debris and microbes 3. Type II cells; secretes surfactant. Surfactant (decreases or increases) surface tension‚ which prevents the alveoli from collapsing. 8. The thin respiratory membrane consists of the simple squamous epithelium and the basement membrane of both the alveolus and the
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Excretion • Removal of nitrogenous wastes from the body Nitrogenous wastes • Ammonia o Most toxic o Needs more water for getting excreted o Diffuses across general body surfaces o Examples of organisms excreting ammonia: fishes‚ aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects o Such organisms are called ammonotelic. • Urea o Less toxic o Requires less water for excretion o Terrestrial adaptation for conservation of water o Ammonia Urea o Examples of organisms excreting urea: terrestrial amphibians
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of the small intestine contains four major cells types including absorptive cells‚ which produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested fats‚ the goblet cells‚ which produce protective mucus‚ granular cells‚ which may help protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria; and endocrine cells‚ which produce regulatory hormones. The small intestine contains enzymes that digest polypeptide‚ starch‚ lipids‚ sucrose‚ lactose‚ and maltose. These cells play a key role in absorption and digestion of the
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parts. The upper part extends from the external nostrils (external openings of nose) to the vocal sac present in the neck. The lower part extends from the vocal sac to the lungs. The nose has a passage called nasal passage which is lined by ciliated epithelium rich in blood capillaries. This passage is hairy. When the air passes through the nose‚ certain amount of dust of the air is trapped and the air is warmed up. Behind the nasal passage is the vocal sac or the larynx. It is called Adam’s apple. Behind
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In 2009‚ President Barack Obama used an executive order to lift certain limitations on federal funding for embryonic stem cell research (“Embryos and Unintended Consequences”). In 1973‚ the United States legalized abortion with the landmark supreme court case Roe vs. Wade. According to The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research‚ stems cells are‚ “a renewable source of tissue that can be coaxed to become different cell types of the body.” Embryonic stem cells in particular are‚ “stem cells
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migrates to various tissues‚ especially liver‚ spleen‚ muscle‚ and brain. The larva of Echinococcus develops into a spherical fluid-filled cyst called a hydatid cyst. This cyst can reach 150mm in diameter‚ contains numerous secondary cysts (germinal epithelium) or broad capsules in which thousands of future larvae (called protoscolices) develop usually in the liver and lungs. If the hydatid cyst ruptures‚ the brood capsules can spill out of the cyst‚ metastasize to other sites‚ and develop into a hydatid
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-vibration Receptors throughout the body •Special senses nSmell ntaste nvision nbalance nhearing nReceptors located in sense organs (e.g.‚ ear‚ eye). EYES nAccessory Structures of the Eye qEyelids (palpebra) and glands qSuperficial epithelium of eye nConjunctiva qLacrimal apparatus nTear production and removal qExtrinsic eye muscles nExtrinsic Eye Muscles qMove the eye qSix muscles cooperate to control gaze nSuperior and inferior rectus nLateral and medial rectus nSuperior
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