(ψD). This prebiotically plausible proto-nucleic acid monomer (Figure 1)‚ is the amide formed between a cyanuric acid-functionalized hydroxy acid called 2-OH-CyCo4 (abbreviated as ψ) and the amino acid L-aspartic acid (abbreviated as D). Despite no obvious prebiotic route to this compound‚ it features certain principles that still apply to prebiotically plausible compounds. More specifically‚ when simple compounds containing hydroxyl and carboxylic acid moieties are dissolved in water and dried at elevated
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from several hundred to several hundred million molecular weight units - and are made up of monomer units. There are four major classes of biological macromolecules: proteins‚ carbohydrates‚ lipids‚ and nucleic acids (Sheeler & Bianchi‚ 1980). Proteins are made up of polymers of amino acids. The shape and structure of a cell is defined by proteins (Alberts et al.‚ 1989). Carbohydrates are made up of polymers of simple sugars called monosaccharides.
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mRNA into protein using the genetic code. Methionine (start)‚ Phenylalamine‚ Valine‚ Histidine‚ Leucine‚ Cysteine‚ Glycine‚ Serine‚ Histidine‚ Levcine‚ Valine‚ Glutamic acid‚ Arginine‚ Cysteine‚ Isoleucine‚ Tryptophan‚ Phenylalamine‚ Valine‚ Alanine‚ Serine‚ Alanine‚ Alanine‚ Phenylalamine‚ Glutamine‚ Phenylalamine‚ Glutamic acid‚ Asparagine‚ Tryosine‚ Stop. Analysis a) Sequence C was the beginning fragment since it began with the starting codon‚ AUG. b) Sequence B was the ending fragment
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Joey Cecil Stephen Leacock CI Ms.Kautsky Bodybuilding‚ Gain or Pain Joey Cecil Friday January 16‚ 2014 Body Building‚ Pain or Gain Bodybuilding is one of the fastest growing sports in the world it is one the hardest sports to participate in because of the demand it asks of your body. This era is the era of fitness‚ people are obsessed with how they look. They all want to look good so they all start going to the gym to
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Aspartame: What Is It And What Effects Does it Have on Your Body? Aspartame‚ also known Acesulfame Potassium (Hull‚ 2006)‚ is commonly known by brand names NutraSweet‚ Equal‚ Sweet One and Spoonful. Aspartame is found in thousands of foods‚ drinks‚ candy‚ gum‚ vitamins‚ health supplements and even pharmaceuticals. This artificial sweetener is the most popular in the United States‚ is 200 times sweeter than sucrose the accepted standard for sweetness‚ and is also the most dangerous substance
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sometimes irreversible—process that involves the disruption and possible destruction of both the secondary and tertiary structures. Since denaturation reactions are not strong enough to break the peptide bonds‚ the primary structure (sequence of amino acids) remains the same after a denaturation process. Denaturation disrupts the normal alpha-helix and beta sheets in a protein and uncoils it into a random shape. Generally‚ protein denaturation is to be avoided‚ since proteins are best studied as
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B I O L O G Y 130 INTRODUCTORY CELL BIOLOGY LECTURE NOTES Department of Biology University of Waterloo Fall‚ 2012 BIOL 130 LECTURE NOTES Fall‚ 2012 a Lecture Notes This booklet contains the notes that will be presented as part of the online modules. For copyright reasons‚ the figures that will be shown along with the notes cannot be reproduced. However‚ most of these figures come from the required course text‚ Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments‚ 6th edition
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lactose is not fermented and proteins are metabolized instead‚ the solution will become alkaline and turn blue in color. If casein is digested‚ the milk will coagulate to form a curd (a solid). Casein may be metabolized all the way down to individual amino acids. This process‚ called peptonization‚ results in a clear (not milky) liquid that is usually brown in color. Finally‚ the litmus may be reduced and become colorless. The culture will then look milk white. Materials: 1. Litmus Milk Broth 2
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ISSN 0254-4725 Food energy – methods of analysis and conversion factors FAO FOOD AND NUTRITION PAPER 77 Ingested energy (IE) = gross energy (GE) Faecal energy (FE) Combustible gas (GaE) (from microbial fermentation) Digestible energy (DE) Urinary energy (UE) Surface energy (SE) Metabolizable energy (ME) Heat of microbial fermentation Obligatory thermogenesis‚ i.e. excess heat relative to glucose during ATP synthesis Net (metabolizable) energy (NME) Non-obligatory dietary thermogenesis
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specific signal sequences or uptake-targeting sequences encoded into my peptide. Signal sequences contain information that will target the peptide to a particular organelle. The information is usually encoded within amino acid sequences of the protein itself‚ usually within the 20-50 amino acids. Also‚ each organelle has specific set of receptors that bind only to the specific signal sequences‚ thus making sure of target specificity. Once the peptide containing the signal sequence has bound to the respective
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