OCR gateway Core C1 revision notes Anything written in purple is for higher tier Exam tips are in red Fossil Fuels 3 types Coal (made from dead plants that lived millions of years ago) Crude oil (made from dead sea creatures that lived millions of years ago) Natural gas (made from dead sea creatures that lived millions of years ago) Key words to learn Non-renewable- fossil fuels are said to be this as we are using them up faster than they can be made Finite- these will run out if we
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Synthesis of Phenols You can prepare phenols in large quantities by the pyrolysis of the sodium salt of benzene sulfonic acid‚ by the Dow process‚ and by the air oxidation of cumene. Each of these processes is described below. You can also prepare small amounts of phenol by the peroxide oxidation of phenylboronic acid and the hydrolysis of diazonium salts. Pyrolysis of sodium benzene sulfonate In this process‚ benzene sulfonic acid is reacted with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The resulting salt
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Chemistry of Snake Venom Timothy Chapman Chemistry Accelerated Oct. 12‚ 2010 Snake venoms are something of an evolutionary marvel. Through minute mutations and changes‚ normal saliva has changed to the myriad of harmful enzymes‚ toxins‚ non-peptide organic substituents‚ small peptides‚ and inorganic and metal ions found in the venom of today’s snakes. In general‚ venom is defined as a simple to complex secretion produced in a specialized gland that is typically delivered via specialized envenomation
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and in some special cases medications treat various skin diseases. The basic hand cream formulations all contain water to provide moisture and lanolin‚ which helps its absorption by the skin. The latter is a yellowish wax. Chemically‚ wax is made of esters of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols. Lanolin is usually obtained from sheep wool; it has the ability to absorb 25–30% of its own weight of water and to form a fine emulsion. Mineral oil‚ which consists of high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons
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Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase substrate selectivity and various acting cholinesterase inhibitors Introduction Cholinesterases are a group of enzymes present in mammals which breakdown certain neurotransmitters by hydrolyzing the ester bonds within a molecule (Rang & Dale‚ 2007). There are two major types of enzymes‚ acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Though similar in structure‚ they differ in distribution‚ function and substrate specificity. AChE is
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The Struggle of Second Generation Acculturation and Assimilation The graphic novel American Born Chinese (2006)‚ by Gene Luen Yang‚ is a very modern and influential piece of work that can be compared to the short indie film Two Lies (1990)‚ directed and written by Pamela Tom‚ which had preceded the novel by 16 years. These two different forms of work‚ both utilizing their ability to teach the audience‚ are used as powerful venues for the topic of identity crisis among the Asian people in a majority
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The Five Major Compounds That Make Up the Human Body The human body is one of the most complex and fascinating things on this planet. There are five major groups of compounds that compose the human body. These are carbohydrates‚ lipids‚ proteins‚ nucleotides‚ and water. These compounds are all very important to humans and without them humans would not be able to survive. Compounds have many functions that encourage a human cell and a human body to function. Compounds are pure substances
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THE COSMETICS INDUSTRY Few cosmetic ingredients are manufactured in New Zealand‚ and the cosmentic industry here involves mainly blending and packaging. However a wide range of products is made by a considerable number of companies. In this article the following products are discussed: • Surfactant mixtures for cleaning - shampoos‚ bubble baths‚ facial scrubs etc. • Stabilised emulsions - moisterisers‚ sunscreens etc. • Concealer products - make up • Alcoholic and hydroalcoholic solutions - colognes
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State of the art on Bio-cutting fluids in Machining Submitted by: Abstract The increasing attention to the environmental and health impacts of industrial activities by governmental regulations and by the growing awareness level in the society is forcing industrialists to reduce the use of mineral oil-based metalworking fluids as cutting fluid. Cutting fluids have been used extensively in metal cutting operations for the last 200 years. In the beginning‚ cutting fluids consisted of simple
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would mimic the reduction taking place in this experiment is hydride addition using sodium borohydride‚ NaBH4. Normally an alternative to this oxidizing agent would be lithium aluminum hydride‚ LiAlH4‚ however this reagent would also react with the ester portion of our starting reagent. The effect of reducing the ketone via hydride addition is that product is entirely a racemic mixture (McMurry 696). After the initial reaction the product was isolated using a series of vacuum filtrations‚ ether extractions
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