INTRODUCTION – NEED FOR BIO-FUELS The recent upheavals in the oil market leading to record oil prices‚ have again turned the world attention to alternative sources of energy. A number of them are being researched Nuclear energy‚ Hydrogen energy‚ Wind energy‚ Solar energy & Bio-energy. Use of nuclear energy and hydrogen energy for civilian purposes are in very nascent stages. Fuel cells are more promising‚ but they are yet to be put in commercial practice. Wind energy and solar energy
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Esterification is a reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to form an ester. Refluxing the two reactants with an acid catalyst forms the ester. Fischer Esterification was discovered in 1895 by the German chemist‚ Emily Fischer and Arthur Speier. The reaction is also sometimes known as Fischer-Speier Esterification. The major components of almost all natural flavors and odors are esters. These fragrant esters are formed by the Fischer Esterification reaction. Saponification is the
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transferred along with the aqueous layer when the aqueous layer was getting separated from the organic layer by a pipette. One of the methods that favors the formation of an ester can be made by adding excess acetic acid and another method is conducting Fischer esterification‚ which water will be removed to form the ester. There are several ways to have more isopentyl acetate. First‚
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20.0005g Weight of 3mL conical vial with crude ester product: 21.6993g Weight of crude ester product: 1.6988g Therefore‚ the crude % yield is: Crude % yield = (observed/theoretical)x100% = (1.6988g/2.9866g)x100% = 56.88% Discussion: The synthesized product‚ isopentyl acetate‚ is made by the reaction of isopentyl alcohol and glacial acetic acid with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as the catalyzing agent. The crude ester produced in lab was isopentyl acetate‚ because
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salicylic acid is a single functional group. In methyl salicylate the benzene ring is substituted by two functional groups‚ a hydroxyl group (-OH) and an ester group (-COOCH3). In salicylic acid the ester group is replaced by a carboxylic acid group (-COOH). The process that causes the ester group to be replaced by a carboxylic acid group is an example of ester hydrolysis under strongly basic conditions. The following is a mechanism for the synthesis of salicylic acid: Procedure* - See Attached Data
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be found in other organisms. The purpose of this lab was to synthesize the ester isopentyl acetate via an acid catalyzed esterification (Fischer Esterification) of acetic acid with isopentyl alcohol. Emil Fischer and Arthur Speier were the pioneers of this reaction referred to as Fischer Esterification. The reaction is characterized by the combining of an alcohol and an acid (with an acid catalyst) to yield and ester plus water. In order to accomplish the reaction‚ the reactants were refluxed for
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Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize isopentyl acetate via an esterification reaction between glacial acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol‚ using concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The product was washed using sodium bicarbonate and water‚ then dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. It was then distilled using a standard simple distillation apparatus. The percent yield of isopentyl acetate was 60.39%. This may have been low due to incomplete distillation or evaporation once
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yuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas Arun Kumar Arun Kumar 002329-179 Abstract Esters are important industrial compounds. Different esters have different demands in the current industry. The reaction rate of the reaction plays an important role in the production of the ester which could affect the production of the ester. Esterification is a reversible reaction and thus this affects the amount of ester produced as ester hydrolysis changes it back to its reactants. Very little data is available on
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Preparation of Synthetic Banana Oil Introduction: In this lab the synthesis‚ purification‚ and characterization of isoamyl acetate‚ or banana oil‚ was determined. The synthesis was completed by a reversible esterification reaction which required the heating of glacial acetic acid and isoamyl alcohol‚ combined with a sulfuric acid catalyst in hexane. In order to increase the efficiency of the reaction‚ LeChatelier’s Principle is utilized by removing water from the products. As a result‚ the reaction
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upregulated ! twofold by saline osmotic stress: YJR096w‚ YBR149w‚ YOR120w‚ YHR104w‚ YDR368w‚ YNL274c‚ YGL157w‚ and YOL151w (Causton et al.‚ 2001). HIGHER HOMOLOGS In addition to ethyl acetoacetates‚ we also examined the interaction of higher b‐keto ester homologs with the collection of yeast dehydrogenases (Kaluzna et al.‚ 2004‚ 2005; Stowe and Stewart‚ 2005)
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