Introduction In a Grignard reaction‚ a Grignard reagent (R–MgX) adds to the carbonyl group in an aldehyde or ketone to form an alcohol (Figure 1). The reaction of a Grignard reagent with formaldehyde can be to synthesize a primary alcohol‚ with any other aldehyde can be used to synthesize a secondary alcohol‚ while the reaction with ketone is useful in the synthesis of a tertiary alcohol. Figure 1. General reaction mechanism of a Grignard Reaction The preparation of the Grignard reagent involves
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(see list of additives in cigarettes). Ethyl acetate is the ester of ethanol and acetic acid; it is manufactured on a large scale for use as a solvent. The combined annual production in 1985 of Japan‚ North America‚ and Europe was about 400‚000 tons.[1] In 2004‚ an estimated 1.3M tons were produced worldwide.[2] Production Ethyl acetate is synthesized in industry mainly via the classic Fischer esterification reaction of ethanol and acetic acid. This mixture converts to the ester in about 65% yield
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experiment‚ the synthesis of benzocaine is carried out by the acid-catalyzed esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with ethanol.2 Theoretical Yield: 1.25g/MW 137 = .009 moles C2H6O 20mL / MW46 =0.435 moles C9H11O2N .009 X 165.19 = 1.49g Purpose Statement: The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize benzocaine by esterification using 4-aminobenzoic acid with ethanol. Experimental Procedure: There were several parts in the procedure of benzocaine beginning with a round bottom flask
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Hydrogen H2 285 Ethanol C2H5OH 1367 Ethyne C2H2 1300 Propane C3H8 2220 Sucrose C12H22O11 5650 Octane C8H18 5460 6. A student wished to determine the heat of combustion of ethanol. He used a spirit burner containing ethanol to heat 250g of water in a beaker. The temperature rose from 15oC to 31oC. During combustion‚ the burner lost 0.90g in mass‚ due to the ethanol combusting. Calculate the heat of combustion in ethanol. 7. The heat of combustion of ethanol is 1367 kJmol-1
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SULIT 1 4541/1 Peraturan Permarkahan CHEMISTRY 4541 Kertas 1 Ogos 2011 BAHAGIAN PENGURUSAN SEKOLAH BERASRAMA PENUH DAN SEKOLAH KECEMERLANGAN KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA PERATURAN PERMARKAHAN PEPERIKSAAN PERCUBAAN SIJIL PELAJARAN MALAYSIA 2011 CHEMISTRY TRIAL 2011 MARKING SCHEME PAPER 1 4541 /1 © Trial2011 Hak Cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh http://cikguadura.wordpress.com SULIT SULIT 2 SKEMA KERTAS 1 CHEMISTRY 4541/1 4541/1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
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or grains. Fermentation is the process where sugars such as gluctose‚ fructose‚ and sucrose are converted into ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide. When we consume alcohol‚ it provides our bodies with energy; each gram of alcohol contains 7 calories of energy. By comparison‚ one gram of fat contains 9 calories‚ one gram of carbohydrate or protein 4 calories. Interestingly‚ ethanol has had a wide variety of uses apart from being found in alcoholic beverages. Among other things‚ it has been used
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1) is that it is the simplest alcohol with a chain of one carbon atom with three hydrogen atoms attached. The characteristics of this simple alcohol are that it is a light‚ volatile‚ and flammable liquid with a unique odor very similar to ethanol. Unlike ethanol‚ methanol is a highly toxic chemical and should be used cautiously because it causes negative reactions when exposed to other reagents such as lead. Methanol
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fistula leaf were 15.2‚ 24.5‚ 43.8‚ 68.2‚ and 158.6 mg‚ respectively‚ with chloroform‚ petroleum ether‚ methanol‚ distilled water‚ and ethanol solvents. Evaluation of phytochemicals such as alkaloids‚ flavonoids‚ carbohydrates‚ glycosides‚ protein and amino acids‚ saponins‚ and triterpenoids revealed the presence of most of the constituent in polar extracts such as ethanol‚ methanol‚ and aqueous extracts compared with nonpolar extracts (petroleum ether and chloroform). However‚ flavonoids‚ proteins and
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What is yeast? To most people yeast is just something that is in the food that we eat; However to the scientific community yeast is much more then that. According to the Dictionary of Student Science yeast is a one-celled fungi that can cause the fermentation of carbohydrates‚ producing carbon dioxide and alcohol. ( ) Yeasts are found in the soil‚ in water‚ on the surface of plants‚ and on the skin of humans and other animals. Like other fungi‚ yeasts obtain food from the organic matter around
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biofuels does possess some flaws. Today there are two main forms of biofuels: ethanol for vehicles running on gas engines‚ and fatty acid methyl esters of vegetable oils otherwise known as FAME‚ which are used for vehicles with diesel engines. Ethanol is created by sugar plants and other starchy plants. The processes through which these plants undergo to become fuels include fermentation to transform the sugars into ethanol‚ then a distillation process to separate the alcohol from water. It is important
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