CHAPTER 1 (CLOVE) INTRODUCTION (CARDAMOM) 1.INTRODUCTION Strong consumer demand for safe and high-quality foods can be attributed in part to the widespread availability and accessibility of quality health data and information. There are also new concerns about food safety due to increasing occurrence of new food-borne disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms. This raises considerable challenges‚ particularly since there is increasing unease regarding the use of chemical
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be the product of the reduction reaction because of steric hindrance. For the oxidation step‚ a reflux will be done and then a microscale reflux for the reduction step. The products will be confirmed using Infrared spectroscopy‚ the chromic acid test‚ 2‚4-DNP test and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The results of this experiment show that camphor was produced during oxidation (0.6576 g). The IR spectrum shows a strong peak at 1740 cm-1 representing a carbonyl compound‚ which was concluded to be a ketone by
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experiment was to efficiently perform an Fischer esterification of 1-butanol and acetic acid to form water and n-butyl acetate‚ and to confirm the esterification using IR spectroscopy analysis. It was found that 0.734 grams of n-butyl acetate was formed with a percent yield of 61%. The product was confirmed using IR spectroscopy and boiling point confirmation. The reaction mechanism for this specific reaction was as follows: First the protonation of a carbonyl oxygen activates the carboxylic acid
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Introduction Esters are in a lot of natural products like flowers‚ spices and fruits. They are usually used in artificial flavorings. Carboxylic esters help amplify the sensory effect of esters. Isopentyl acetate is made from the direct esterification of acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol. The direct esterification of acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol is an equilibrium reaction that shifts the product to the side by using the excess of one of the starting reagents. Acetic acid usually used in excess
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In the Laboratory Investigation of Imposter Perfumes Using GC–MS W Kelly A. Mowery‚ Daniel E. Blanchard‚ Stephanie Smith‚ and Thomas A. Betts* Department of Physical Sciences‚ Kutztown University of PA‚ Kutztown‚ PA 19530; *betts@kutztown.edu Fragrances are of keen interest to most students and are the products of an enormous chemical industry (1). In 1999‚ the global market for perfumes and fragrances was valued at $19.8 billion (2)‚ with the “knockoff ” perfume industry comprising
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Case study A blue paint layer sample was collected from the wall decorations of the mortuary temple of Ramesses III (Medinet Habu. This temple is one of the largest memorial temples in Egypt. It measures 320 m in length (east to west) and about 200 m in width (north to south)‚ built with order of the Pharaoh Ramesses III (c.1184–1151 BC the 20th Dynasty). The micro-XRF spectrometer (SPECTRO‚ COPRA model) used to analyze the sample includes a side-window X-ray tube with Mo anode (Oxford Instruments
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to study in vitro the permeability of amorphous drug systems in different conditions. First‚ three complementary techniques are performed to characterize the crystalline and amorphous form of indomethacin. These techniques include IR spectroscopy‚ Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Indomethacin is a compound belonging to class II of the BCS and is consequently a poorly water-soluble drug. The limiting step in order to have a good bioavailability is the dissolution step. Several
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Extraction and analysis of two compounds from unknown solution C ABSTRACT Liquid C and solid C were both extracted from unknown solution by first using chemically active liquid-liquid extract‚ followed by vacuum filtration. Liquid C and solid C were then purified with the use of simple distillation and recrystallization respectively. Through the process of recrystallization‚ the percentage purity of solid C was found to be 6.01%. The melting point range of purified solid C was 117.0 – 119
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because it helps in determining the activity of a protein. Circular Dichrosim spectroscopy has been identified as prevalent application used in structural biology in determining whether a protein is folded‚ characterizing its secondary structure‚ tertiary structure‚ and the structural family along with other uses as well (Circular dichroism ). Circular dichroism‚ CD spectroscopy has defined a form of light absorption spectroscopy. It measures the difference in the absorption of circular polarized light
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Chemistry of Spices This page intentionally left blank Chemistry of Spices Edited by Villupanoor A. Parthasarathy Indian Institute of Spices Research Calicut‚ Kerala‚ India Bhageerathy Chempakam Indian Institute of Spices Research Calicut‚ Kerala‚ India and T. John Zachariah Indian Institute of Spices Research Calicut‚ Kerala‚ India CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Office Nosworthy Way Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8DE UK Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Fax:
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