The Five Generations of Computing The history of computer development is often referred to in terms of five distinct eras‚ or "generations" of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate‚ resulting in increasingly smaller‚ cheaper‚ more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices. The First Generation: 1946 to 1955 The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry‚ magnetic drums
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But human-based data collection comes at great expense. Here is a low-cost microcontroller based visitor counter that can be used to know the number of persons at a place. All the components required are readily available in the market and the circuit is easy to build .Two IR transmitter-receiver pairs are used at the passage: one pair comprising IR transmitter IR TX1 and receiver phototransistor T1 is installed at the entry point of the passage‚ while the other pair comprising IR transmitter IR
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and Structural Modeling. Functions. Procedures‚ attributes. Test benches‚ Synthesizable‚ and non synthesizable statements; packages and configurations Modeling in VHDL with examples of circuits such as counters‚ shift registers‚ bidirectional bus‚ etc. Unit 2 FSM And Sequential Logic Principles Sequential Circuits‚ Meta-stability Synchronization‚ Design of Finite State Machines‚ and State minimization‚ FSM CASE STUDIES - Traffic Light control. Lift Control and UART STA and DTA Unit 3 Programmable
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LIST OF FIGURES Fig 3.1 Power Supply…..…………………......……..….………………………………………..6 Fig 3.2 Circuit Diagram Of MAX232…………..…………………………………...……………9 Fig 3.3 PIC Diagram………..……………………………………..……………………..............13 Fig 3.4 Relay Operation….……………………………………..….….………………………....14 Fig 3.5 Relay Energized (On)……...……………………………....…………………………….15 Fig 3.6 Relay De-Energizing (Off)………...……...…………………..…………………………16 Fig 3.7 Relay Operation (2)…...………………………….…….....……………………………..17 Fig 3.8 Torque Production in Dc Motor…………………………
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effectively operate and protect a motor. 1 MOTOR STARTING All motors must have a control device to start and stop the motor called a “motor controller”. Motor Controller A motor controller is the actual device that energizes and de-energizes the circuit to the motor so that it can start and stop. • Motor controllers may include some or all of the following motor control functions: S S starting‚ stopping‚ over-current protection‚ overload protection‚ reversing‚ speed changing‚ jogging‚ plugging‚ sequence
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Reflection Paper – Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits a. Summary Integrated circuits will be the very foundation for improving the world of electronics and continue to push the boundaries of the different areas of science never before seen by an order of magnitude. b. Overview The author points out that integrated circuits are the future and that in as little as a few years’ time more and more transistors are squeezed in a single silicon chip having the capabilities of
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Hardware Vocabulary Quiz Directions: Using the word bank‚ match the vocabulary to the definitions. Word bank: Motherboard‚ Computer Input‚ Data‚ Memory‚ Storage‚ Integrated Circuit‚ Central Processing Unit (CPU)‚ RAM‚ Bit‚ Analog Device‚ Output Device‚ Digital Device‚ Video Card‚ Input Device‚ Bios‚ Hard Disk Drive‚ Supercomputer‚ Computer‚ Server‚ Processing 1. Sometimes described as the computers brain‚ this is where most processing takes place. - Central Processing Unit (CPU) 2. Manipulation
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system gives solution to that problem. This circuit described here activates only when the specified sequence of four digits is pressed. If a wrong key is touched‚ it will not unlock. The lock code is set by connecting nine SPST switches. The code lock circuit is built around two CD4013 dual-D flip-flop ICs. The clock pins of the four flip-flops are connected to that specified sequence of digits‚ which is the correct code sequence to unlock the system. The circuit also contains (555) timer IC to lock automatically
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Introduction A sequential circuit consists of a feedback path‚ and employs some memory elements. Combinational outputs Memory outputs Combinational logic Memory elements External inputs Sequential circuit = Combinational logic + Memory Elements CS1104-11 Introduction 3 Introduction There are two types of sequential circuits: synchronous: outputs change only at specific time asynchronous: outputs change at any time Multivibrator: a class of sequential circuits. They can be: bistable
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electrical circuit‚ that is a closed conductive path (for example a battery connected to a resistor via conductive wire)‚ or a network of interconnected paths. 1. For any node of the circuit in I = out I . Note that the choice of “in” or “out” for any circuit segment is arbitrary‚ but it must remain consistent. So for the example of Fig. 2 we have I1 = I2 + I3 . 2. For any closed circuit‚ the sum of the circuit EMFs (e.g. batteries‚ generators) is equal to the sum of the circuit voltage drops:
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