University of Sunderland BA (Honours) Accounting and Financial Management APC311 International Financial Reporting Version 1.0 International Financial Reporting Published by The University of Sunderland The publisher endeavours to ensure that all its materials are free from bias or discrimination on grounds of religious or political belief‚ gender‚ race or physical ability. These course materials are produced from paper derived from sustainable forests where the replacement rate exceeds consumption
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Long Run Equilibrium (A) Firm and Industry: A competitive market is made up of a large number of firms with complete freedom of entry. Such firms together are called competitive industry. An industry can be defined as a group of firms producing homogeneous products with freedom of entry and exit and which earn only normal profits. Hence the concept of an industry is applicable only under competitive conditions. There is no fixed size of an industry though the analytical stability of an industry
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structure-theories of capital structure – MM model‚ incentive issues and agency cost; financial signaling; Capitalization-under capitalization –over capitalization-capital gearing Leverage – operating leverage-financial leverage Cost –volume- profit analysis PREPARED BY MRS. REKHA VENUGOPAL Capital structure In order to run and manage a company funds are needed. Right from the promotional stage up to end finance
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procter & gamble v/s Uniliver Project Report Financial Analysis Section (A) Table of Contents Acknowledgement 4 UNILIVER 5 History 5 Introduction 5 Business Vision 5 Mission Statement 6 Brands of Uniliver 6 PROCTER & GAMBLE 7 Introduction 7 Business Vision 7 Mission Statement 7 Brands 7 Uniliver Financial Statements Ratios Analysis (2012 v/s 2013) 8 Information to Management 8 1. Operational Analysis 8 Gross Margin 8 Profit Margin 8 2. Resource Management 8 Asset turnover 8 Working capital Management
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LONG-RUN EQUILIBRIUM OF A FIRM UNDER PERFECT COMPETITION In the long run‚ a firm in the perfectly competitive market can earn only normal profit. So‚ the profit maximization under long run is: (1)Necessary condition P=LMR=LAR=LMC=LAC (2)Sufficient condition Slope of MC > Slope of MR We can establish this condition from the following analysis. In the above diagram for any market price OP1 the existing firms can earn supernormal profit as for the equilibrium output level OQ1. The average
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Project on Financial Performance Analysis Finance is the life-blood of business. It is rightly termed as the science of money. Finance is very essential for the smooth running of the business. Finance controls the policies‚ activities and decision of every business. “Finance is that business activity which is concerned with the organization and conversation of capital funds in meeting financial needs and overall objectives of a business enterprise.”- Wheeler Financial management is that managerial
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Horizontal analysis is a type of trend analysis that compares both percent and amount changes from one year to another. This type of analysis is performed on both the income statement and the balance sheet to allow detection of trends and to identify performance issues. The analysis itself can be very useful‚ especially if more than two years are included. However‚ caution must be taken not to draw conclusion on this analysis itself‚ as it can mislead without any context. It is always important to have
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2. Analysing Financial Performance Analyse the company’s financial performance‚ over two years‚ using the following ratios (you will need to present your results): * Current ratio * Acid test ratio * Gearing * Asset turnover ratio * Inventory turnover ratio (if appropriate) * Receivables (debtors’) days * Payables (creditors’) days * Gross profit margin * Net profit margin * Return on capital employed (ROCE) * Dividend per share (if information is available)
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FINANCIAL RATIOS LIQUIDITY RATIOS Current Ratio: = current assets / current liabilities ▪ The higher the ratio‚ the greater the "cushion" between current obligations and a firm ’s ability to meet them. ▪ Use: An indication of a company ’s ability to meet short-term debt obligations; the higher the ratio‚ the more liquid the company is. Current ratio is equal to current assets divided by current liabilities. If the current assets of a company are more than twice the current liabilities
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3Research methodology…………………………………………………………...4-5 4. Corporate Information……………………………………….…………………..6 5. Corporate Social Responsibilities………………………………………..………7 6.Analysis of Financial Statements (Ratio Analysis) …………………………….. iCurrent Ratio……………………………………………………………..8 iiQuick Asset Ratio………………………………………………….……..9 Leverage Ratio…………………………………………………….……….10 i)Debt to equity ……………………………………………………………..11 ii)Debt to Asset ……………………………………………………………12 Profitability Ratio i) Return on Asset (ROA)……………………………………………………
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