This essay looks to explain the importance of theory in underpinning competence in counselling practice. The theoretical approaches that shall be discussed relate to the psychodynamic approach‚ the humanistic approach and the cognitive behavioural approaches in psychology from which counselling practice have evolved. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory is a good place to start as it covers many different methods of therapeutic intervention. Freud is recognised as the first psychologist to develop
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parent’s eight children. Freud founded psychoanalysis‚ the method of treatment to treat mental and nervous disorders‚ which is not the same as psychodynamic counselling today. Freud studied medicine at the university of Vienna‚ where he was influenced by one of his teachers Ernst Brucke‚ Ernst Brucke believed in the mechanistic approach seeing a person as a machine‚ determined by physical or chemical causes. Freud moved into neurophysiology (the nervous system and how it functions)‚ where he
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Outline and evaluate the biological approach to psychopathology The biological approach to psychopathology suggests that abnormal behaviour is caused or related to physical changes in the body. The biological approach suggest that the four following things cause physical disorders (abnormality) ; genes‚ biochemistry‚ neuroanatomy and viral infection. Psychologists have investigated the role in which gene’s play in abnormal behaviour. To do this the majority of psychologists use twins. It has been
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Interpersonal Communication Key Concepts: Chapter 1: Content Meaning (P.23): The content of‚ or denotative information in‚ communication. Content-level meanings are literal. Dual perspective (P.31): The ability to understand both your own and another’s perspective‚ beliefs‚ thoughts‚ and feelings. Ethics (P.26): The branch of philosophy that deals with moral principles and codes of conduct. Because interpersonal communication affects people‚ sometimes profoundly‚ it always has ethical implications
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Task 1: Describe the purpose and nature of counselling The function of personal counselling is to help people to resolve problem areas in their life. Counselling provides an opportunity for the person to explore the difficult feelings‚ thoughts and behaviours that have blocked the way to satisfying relationships‚ personal happiness. The purpose of counselling is to help clients achieve their personal goals‚ and gain greater insight into their lives. One hopes that by the end of this process one
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Outline and evaluate the Psychodynamic approach to abnormality (12marks) It claims that personality develops in childhood through a number of ‘psychosexual stages’ and that too much or too little pleasure at one of these can lead to fixation and abnormal behaviour. For example between the ages of two and four children are in the anal stage – too much focus on holding in faeces during this time can lead to an ‘anally retentive’ adult personality which is obsessively neat and tidy‚ in some cases leading
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Outline and Evaluate the biological approach to abnormality The biological approach sees abnormality as a physical illness and removes psychological blame and responsibility for the behaviour form the patients. Biochemistry; which is where abnormal functioning in the brain can be caused by abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and hormones. Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers that allow neurones to communicate with one another at synapses. Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted
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Outline and evaluate the behavioural approach to abnormality This approach focuses on the behaviour of the person to explain psychological abnormalities. It believes that the behaviour is learnt‚ and therefore can be unlearnt. It focuses on 3 different things: classical conditioning‚ operant conditioning and social learning theory. Classical conditioning was developed by Pavlov through his work on animals. He explained the development of abnormal behaviours through stimulus-response associations
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Outline and evaluate the behavioural approach to psychopathology. (12 marks) Behaviourists believe that all of a person’s complex behaviours are the result of learning through interaction with the environment. Behaviourists deal with the following forms of learning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In classical conditioning people learn to associate two stimuli when they occur together‚ such that the response originally elicited by one stimulus is transferred to another. The person
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Describe and evaluate the Behaviourist Approach The basic assumption of the behaviourist approach is that all behaviour is learned through experiences a person has in their environment. From this we know that behaviourists are on the side of nature in the “nature vs. nurture” debate. In comparison bio psychologists will be firmly on the side of nurture. There is also the argument between behaviourists to whether behaviour is learnt better through positive or negative reinforcement. Positive
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