1) What was meant by the term "the earths heat budget" (5) The Earth’s Heat Budget Solar Insolation - The primary source of energy to drive our global climate system (including atmospheric and‚ to a lesser extent‚ oceanic circulation) is the heat we receive from the Sun‚ termed solar insolation. The spectrum of light which comes from the Sun is shown above. The spectrum of light in the atmosphere and at the Earth’s surface is shown below. Insolation arrives at the edge of our atmosphere primarily
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Question 1 A patent entitles the inventor of a new product to prevent others from selling‚ manufacturing‚ making‚ marketing or importing the patented product for a limited period of time. This can provide the patent holder with a monopoly position in the market for that product‚ which allows them to charge a higher price and achieve their expected returns (both tangible and intangible). Pharmaceutical companies used this strategy to maintain their market competitiveness and guarantee the returns
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Budgets provide a means for planning the financial future and play a vital role for planning. Budgets simultaneously make managers construct and implement plans‚ contribute useful information for improved decision making‚ provide a standard to administer performance evaluation‚ and enhance organization and communication. An essential component of the budgeting system is control. Control periodically takes actual results and budgeted results and compares the two. It also allows for managers to
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perfect substitutes for example‚ the isoquants are straight lines‚ and the campaign manager should use only the less expensive input in this case. If the inputs are not perfect substitutes‚ the isoquants will have a convex shape. The campaign manager should then spend the campaign’s budget on the combination of the two inputs will that maximize the number of votes. 5. For each of the following examples‚ draw a representative isoquant. What can you say about the marginal rate of technical substitution
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Cost Control and Cost Reduction A business enterprise must survive‚ grow‚ and prosper. Cost Control and Cost Reduction are activities necessary for ensuring that these objectives are fulfilled. With the liberalization of the Indian Economy and Globalization‚ there is now a cut throat competition from various concerns of the world. As a result there is now a race to secure a place for survival. This has increased the importance of cost control and Cost Reduction. Cost Control “Cost control
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and/or costs. Usually‚ it may be possible to accelerate the process by reducing the activity durations. The activity durations can be reduced by dedicating extra resources. These resources can be human‚ tool‚ machine‚ alternative processing options‚ like the subcontracting. An increase in resource consumption naturally increases the cost and decreases the time. According to the resource consumption levels‚ the alternatives can be defined. Each alternative defines its own cost and
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Budgets serve five main purposes; planning‚ facilitating communication and coordination‚ allocating resources‚ controlling profits and operations and evaluating performance and providing incentives. The budgeting process requires both technical and interpersonal leadership skills to achieve each of these purposes effectively. The director’s memo demonstrates several short comings in the budgeting process. The director instituted the “responsibility accounting system” as a means of evaluating performance
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Interim Budget 2014 Global cues not to overly hit India‚ India held its head above water during global crisis Fiscal deficit for 2013-14 will be contained at 4.6% Export seen at $326 billion showing 6.3 per cent year-on-year growth Growth for FY14 estimated at 4.9%; Q3‚ Q4 growth seen at 5.2% I reject the argument of policy paralysis Let history be the judge of last 10 years Economy in much better shape now than it was two years ago 10-year trend growth rate at 6.2 per cent‚ UPA I and II
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A budget surplus may create a temporary artificial prosperity. The short term effect is usually inflationary as the government sees surplus meaning the economy is more productive‚ thus can shoulder a higher tax burden when in actuality taxes should be lowered. The tax burden‚ allegedly imposed to cool the economy‚ tends to raise prices‚ thus increasing tax revenue‚ contributing to the continuance of the surplus until such time as prices cause consumers to spend less. While a surplus represents
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Ronald Coase noted‚“The cost of doing anything consists of the receipts that could have been obtained if that particular decision had not been taken.” For example‚ the opportunity set for this Friday night includes the movies‚ a concert‚ staying home and studying‚ staying home and watching television‚ inviting friends over‚ and so forth. The opportunity cost of taking job A included the forgone salary of $102‚000 plus the $5‚000 of intangibles from job B. Opportunity cost is the sacrifice of
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