Outline and evaluate the biological explanation of depression. Biological explanation of depression can be explained by neurotransmitter dysfunction. Neurotransmitters such as noradrenalin and serotonin have been shown to be linked with depression. Bunney at al (1965) found that there was low levels of noradrenaline function in the brain of depressed individuals. Also‚ post mortem studies found increased noradrenaline receptors in the brains of depressed suicide victims. When there is low noradrenaline
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Outline and evaluate the behavioural approach to psychopathology. (12 marks) Behaviourists believe that all of a person’s complex behaviours are the result of learning through interaction with the environment. Behaviourists deal with the following forms of learning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In classical conditioning people learn to associate two stimuli when they occur together‚ such that the response originally elicited by one stimulus is transferred to another. The person
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Outline and Evaluate Biological Treatments for Schizophrenia. The meaning of Schizophrenia is the loss of contact with reality also known as split-mind. It shouldn’t be thought of as one disorder as there are several sub-types such as; paranoia‚ catatonic‚ disorganised‚ and undifferentiated; they all have different symptoms. It is a disorder which is estimated at 1% of the population and is more common in males‚ lower social classes and African-Caribbean’s living in the U.K. Schizophrenia is characterised
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Outline and Evaluate the Working Memory Model The working memory model is a theory for how short-term memory works‚ and an expansion of the views expressed in the MSM theory. Baddeley and Hitch in 1974 felt that STM was not just one store but a collection of different stores. These concepts lead them to form a model which consists of three slave systems; the central executive‚ the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad. They used the phrase ‘working memory’ to refer to the division of
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Outline and evaluate psychological explanations for schizophrenia (24) One psychological explanation of SZ was put forward by Bateson et al (1956) who looked at childhood as a base for developing SZ‚ for example the interactions children have with their mothers. His explanation‚ the Double Bind theory‚ states that schizophrenia can occur due to conflicting messages given from parents to their children‚ for example when a parent expresses care but does so in a critical way. This means that the child
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Outline and evaluate research into the duration of memory (12 marks) Peterson and Peterson researched into the duration of the STM. They used trigrams and asked their participants to recall them after a retention interval‚ the retention interval was different every time. They found that after 3 seconds participants could recall about 90% correctly but after 18 seconds only 2% could be recalled correctly. Peterson and Peterson concluded that the STM has a limited duration and when rehearsal is
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Outline and evaluate the psychodynamic approach to abnormality The psychodynamic approach to abnormality assumes that unconscious desires and memories influence behaviour and may lead to abnormality. It claims that personality develops in the childhood through a number of psychosexual stages and that too much or too little pleasure at one of these can lead to fixation and abnormal behaviour. For example‚ between the ages of two and four‚ children are in the anal stage- too much focus on holding in
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Throughout the early history of America political parties has formed around the early 1790’s. The first parties were led by Thomas Jefferson‚ the Democratic-Republican and Alexander Hamilton with the Federalist. Alexander Hamilton was the secretary of treasury. Hamilton aspired aristocracy and believed that the United States was going to prosper but needed the help of the wealthy families. Hamilton and Madison worked together to educate the public that the Constitution protected there rights. Both
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Outline and evaluate biological explanations of obesity Various explanations can be provided for the reasons of obesity‚ from biological explanations‚ to neurological and evolutionary theories. Even socio-economic reasons could give insight into why some people have a higher likeliness of obesity Evolutionarily‚ the thrifty gene hypothesis provides insight as to why many suffer from obesity‚ as it suggests that our current genes are no longer suited to our new environment. Modern day society is
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Chapter 9 The Confederation and the Constitution‚ 1776–1790 CHAPTER THEMES Theme: The American Revolution was not a radical transformation like the French or Russian revolutions‚ but it did produce political innovations and some social change in the direction of greater equality and democracy. Theme: Compromise on a number of important issues was required in order to create the new federal Constitution. Adopting the new document required great political skill and involved changing the ratification
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