Lecture 3: Enzyme kinetics Tue 17 Jan 2006 with the collaboration of Luna De Ferrari 1 Images from: D. L. Nelson‚ Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry‚ IV Edition‚ W. H. Freeman ed. A. Cornish-Bowden Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics‚ Portland Press‚ 2004 A. Cornish-Bowden Enzyme Kinetics‚ IRL Press‚ 1988 Computational Systems Biology Summary: • • • • • • 2 Simple enzyme kinetics Steady-state rate equations Reactions of two substrates Inhibition of enzyme activity pH
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ENZYME STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS: Enzymes are biological catalysts. They increase the rate of reactions by a factor of between 106 to 1012 times‚ allowing the chemical reactions that make life possible to take place at normal temperatures Definition of enzyme: A protein with catalytic properties due to its power of specific activation is defined as an enzyme. STRUCTURE Enzymes are proteins their function depends on its complexity. The reaction takes place in a small part of the enzyme
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Exercises 1. Synergy Valuation a. Cost and revenue synergies Managers of an acquiring company anticipate cost savings pretax of $50 million in the first year of the deal and $100 million the next and that thereafter the savings would grow @ inflation‚ 2%. Marginal tax rate is 30%. The firm must invest $1 billion to achieve these savings and starting in the third year must spend 5% of the pre-tax savings to sustain the rate of savings. As part of rationalization of operations‚ some assets will be
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centrality[1] Degree centrality shows how much a node connected with other nodes. For a node if more the number of direct connections with other nodes more the Degree centrality will be. Greater Degree centrality supports the chances of node to be active. To calculate Degree centrality let N is the set of all nodes in the network ‚ Degree centrality Cd of any node i then where (i‚ j) representing a link between node i and node j. n is the total number of nodes in the network. In figure 1 node C will
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ENZYMES LABORATORY REPORT Introduction The utilization of any complex molecule for energy by an organism is dependent on a process called hydrolysis. Hydrolysis breaks complex molecules into simpler molecules using water. Similarly‚ the process that is the reverse of this is called dehydration synthesis‚ which removes water from simpler molecules. However‚ because hydrolysis occurs very slowly‚ living organisms use biochemical’s called enzymes to speed up the reaction. In this lab exercise
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Activity 1 1. Describe two variables that affect the rate of diffusion. a. There are alot of different variables or factors that can affect the rate of diffusion‚ for example: size of the molecule‚ shape of the molecule‚ concentration gradient‚ charge of the ions‚ temperature‚ environment‚ etc. The rate of the diffusion can increase as diffusion distance increases‚ concentration gradient increases‚ surface area increases‚ temperature increases‚ and many more. 2. Why do you think the urea was not
Free Diffusion Molecular diffusion Osmosis
devices. It’s also important because it allows for minimal errors and mistakes that could‚ if not‚ contribute wrong readings and conclusions. In testing for the calibration of speed‚ the values in trial 1‚ 2 and 3 were very similar to the adjusted level of speed on the treadmill. The speed level in trial 1 was 1.0 mph‚ which yielded a measured value of 1.06 mi/hr. Trial 2 was 3.0 mph‚ which yielded 3.2 mi/hr and tiral 3 was 4.0 mph‚ which yielded 4.3 mi/hr. Although the measured values yielded a few points
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1. The information for Blocks 1–9 on the CMS-1500 can be obtained from the A. ledger card. B. medical treatment record. C. confidential patient information record. D. fee schedule. 2. If a patient is covered by Medicaid‚ what should you put in Block #9a? A. Nothing B. The 12-digit Medicaid number C. The policy number of other coverage‚ if any D. The patient’s social security number Lessons 2 and 3 Insurance Form Preparation Exam 2 When you feel confident that you have mastered the
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Rushing attacks send duplicate Route Request (RREQ) to the neighbor node. If Request RREQ is from the true source address‚ then the system is regular and begins to transmit data packets otherwise repeat the process. This process is illustrated in Fig 1. Check threshold value: Next check the packet delivery ratio‚ if packet delivery ratio drops to threshold then move to next step. The threshold value is calculated using dynamic threshold algorithm indicated in [3]. The source node randomly chooses
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1. Triple DES Triple DES was designed to replace the original Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm‚ which hackers eventually learned to defeat with relative ease. At one time‚ Triple DES was the recommended standard and the most widely used symmetric algorithm in the industry. Triple DES uses three individual keys with 56 bits each. The total key length adds up to 168 bits‚ but experts would argue that 112-bits in key strength is more like it. Despite slowly being phased out‚ Triple DES still
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