goals such as equity. He considered the prospect of planning as “a practice which openly invites political and social values to be examined and debated” (p. 331). Hence‚ he rejected the exclusively expert role of planners in the rational planning approach as he believed that solutions pertaining to social goods “cannot be technically derived; they must arise from social attitudes” (p. 331). In his perspective‚ planning is a political process and planners should advocate the interests of all groups
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However‚ as the unofficial “humanistic” approach gained momentum in the field‚ it received a lot of warning and criticisms. For example‚ in the 1960’s when there was a great emphasis on peace and justice from the ending of recent wars‚ Carl Rogers warned that the approach would not become permanent if it was made into a protest movement. The humanistic approach needed to be taken seriously‚ and if psychologists treated it as a “fad”‚ then the community will treat it as such as well. In order for
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Behaviorism is the theory or doctrine that human or animal psychology can be accurately studied only through the examination and analysis of objectively observable and quantifiable behavioral events‚ in contrast with subjective mental states. Behaviorism is word wide that assumes a learner is essentialy passive‚ responding to environment stimuli. The learner starts at a clean state and behavior is shaped through positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement. Both
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The outcome‚ the subjects feelings‚ opinions and reactions caused by our beliefs. This model allows us to see how the mind may intake information and influence our reactions‚ it doesn’t fully explain the route that our mental process follows from external stimuli to a response. The ABC model is widely used within the treatment style of cognitive behavioural therapy‚ a popular treatment for OCD. The ABC model is a positive theory for the cognitive perspective of OCD as it looks at the faulty thought
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INTRODUCTION Constructive Psychotherapy is a theory that suggested that people constructed their own realities and found meaning based on life experience. Granvold (1996) shared that constructivism focused on human meaning making and promotes a person’s proactive participation in his or her life in order to create change. Constructivism is a process to help client understand present experiences‚ emotions and perceptions and how these elements are affected by events from the past‚ and how we make
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situation like temptations‚ which can be found beneficial in this study. On the study of Mazar‚ Amir and Ariely‚ ’The Dishonesty of Honest People: A Theory of Self-Concept Maintenance’‚ the ’Theory of Self-Concept Maintenance’ is included‚ which explains that‚ "People are often torn between two competing motivations: gaining from cheating versus maintaining their positive self-concept as honest individuals (Aronson 1969; Harris‚ Mussen‚ and Rutherford 1976)." Moreover‚ the researchers of the
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called an “Independent variable.” When you’re doing you experiment you have to make sure to take all your results and record them in a table or graph. When you have recorded your results you may draw conclusions and share your research findings and explain how it can help anyone in the
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with other psychodynamic theory/theorists. Freud’s psychoanalysis was the original psychodynamic theory‚ but the psychodynamic approach as a whole includes all theories that were based on his ideas‚ including those of contemporary theorists such as Jung (1964)‚ Adler (1927) and Erikson (1950). This essay will look at Freud’s main concepts and how these concepts are relevant to the psychodynamic counselling process going on to compare these concepts with those of another psychodynamic theorist‚ Erikson
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Explain how the SRRS was devised and evaluate the use of this technique. (8marks) Holmes and Rahe (1967) developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) which identifies 43 stressful life changes that can contribute to stress-related illness. Each one of the 43 stressful life events was awarded a Life Change Unit depending on how traumatic it was felt to be by a large sample of 400 participants. The highest Life Change Unit is 100‚ being death of a spouse. Participants calculate a total value
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approaches in qualitative research that falls within the realm of multicultural psychology. The first method is the etic approach‚ which studies a particular study subject from an external or outside point of view (Hall‚ 2010). An etic approach is a type of research method that evaluates a topic or subject of study from an external or outsider’s perspective (Hall‚ 2010). The emic approach‚ on the other hand‚ researches a subject on the premise that the topic of study is unique or special to a specific
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