conditioning is the simple learning process where a neutral stimulus is able to evoke a response because it has been paired with another stimulus that originally elicits that response. This can also refer to a predictable sequence of events in which one responds to a first event in anticipation of the next. In classical conditioning‚ the subject learns to make a reflex response to a stimulus that is different from the original‚ natural stimulus that would normally produce that response. For classical conditioning
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GOALS When you have completed this chapter‚ you will be able to ONEDefine probability. TWO Describe the classical‚ empirical‚ and subjective approaches to probability. THREEUnderstand the terms experiment‚ event‚ outcome‚ permutation‚ and combination. FOURDefine the terms conditional probability and joint probability. FIVE Calculate probabilities applying the rules of addition and multiplication. SIXUse a tree diagram to organize and compute probabilities. SEVEN Calculate a probability using Bayes
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Enterprise Solution Division Random Process In a random process we know that what outcomes or events could happen; but we do not know which particular outcome or event will happen. For example tossing of coin‚ rolling of dice‚ roulette wheel‚ changes in valuation in shares‚ demand of particular product etc. Probability It is the numeric value representing the chance‚ likelihood‚ or possibility a particular event will occur It is measured as the fraction between 0 & 1 (or 0% &100%) Probability
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a particular event will happen if something is done repeatedly‚ (596 Webster’s Dictionary). You cannot determine any events that will happen in the future‚ because there is always a chance that something odd will happen‚ (Linn 39-40). Probability originally started for the purpose and attempt to analyze games of chance. Probability is also used in determining the outcomes of an experiment. Sample space is the collection of all results. Probability is a way to assign every event a value between
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the likelihood of an event happening. Directly or indirectly‚ probability plays a role in all activities. Probability is a measure or estimation of how likely it is that something will happen or that a statement is true. Probabilities are given a value between 0 (0% chance or will not happen) and 1 (100% chance or will happen). The higher the degree of probability‚ the more likely the event is to happen‚ or‚ in a longer series of samples‚ the greater the number of times such event is expected to happen
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coin is tossed (H‚ T). (a) Enumerate the elementary events in the sample space for the die/coin combination. (b) Are the elementary events equally likely? Explain. A) Elementary events are - DIE COIN 1 2 3 4 5 6 HEADS H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 TAILS T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 B) YES‚ EACH EVENT IS EQUALLY LIKELY TO OCCUR. THERE ARE 12 POSSIBLE OUTCOMES AS A RESULT OF ROLLING OE DIE AND FLIPPING ONE COIN‚ THEREFORE THE LIKELYHOOD OF ANY ONE EVENT OCCURING IS 1/12. 5.13 (page 186)‚ 5.13 Given P(A)
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their relatives who are alive today. They’ve existed for over 11 million years but then disappeared in a mass extinction 46‚000 years ago. There are several ideas of how they became extinct which includes the ill‚ kill and chill factors. Ill being a disease which infected the megafauna and ultimately killed them off. Kill is where humans come in and hunt down the megafauna until extinction. Finally chill is climate change‚ which means megafauna couldn’t handle the change in climate. Climate change
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Probability Introduction The probability of a specified event is the chance or likelihood that it will occur. There are several ways of viewing probability. One would be experimental in nature‚ where we repeatedly conduct an experiment. Suppose we flipped a coin over and over and over again and it came up heads about half of the time; we would expect that in the future whenever we flipped the coin it would turn up heads about half of the time. When a weather reporter says “there is a 10% chance
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of the basic rules of probability: the sum of the probability that an event will happen and the probability that the event won’t happen is always 1. (In other words‚ the chance that anything might or might not happen is always 100%). If we can work out the probability that no two people will have the same birthday‚ we can use this rule to find the probability that two people will share a birthday: P(event happens) + P(event doesn’t happen) = 1 P(two people share birthday) + P(no two people share
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13 4. Introduction to Probability ....................................................................... 15 5. Unions‚ Intersections‚ and Complements ................................................ 23 6. Conditional Probability & Independent Events..................................... 28 7. Discrete Random Variables....................................................................... 33 8. Binomial Random Variable ...................................................................... 37
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