Discussion: Impure caffeine was extracted from the instant coffee by separation and evaporation. The amount of impure caffeine in 4.0045g of instant coffee was found to be 64.5mg with a yield of 1.6%. The yield is higher than the overall class average yield. This shows that there is a source of error. With the yield being higher‚ it is possible that the product did not have applicable time to dry and could still have been wet‚ which would make it heavier. Through a new technique called sublimation
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Chemistry II Lab 9 Fermentation of a Carbohydrate: Ethanol from Sucrose * Introduction Ethanol is one of the oldest alcohols and also the least toxic one. Industrially‚ ethanol is made most economically by hydration of ethylene. However‚ ethanol that is intended for human consumption must‚ by law‚ be prepared by fermentation. By either method‚ ethanol‚ of course‚ has the same formula‚ structure‚ and properties. The fermentation takes place with the assistance of enzymes from yeast in 2 steps:
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3. Collect all materials needed for a procedure before proceeding. 4. Perform reactions under the hood when directed. Chemicals may be weighed and prepared at balance or lab tables‚ but tests should be carried out under the hood. 5.Acids and caustic chemicals are stored in the hood. Please do not take these chemicals from the hood. Procedure: PART 1: Metathetical reactions Precipitation reactions A1. Add a dropperful of 0.1 M sodium carbonate in a test tube of 0.1 M calcium nitrate
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transports because they too do not require an active role for the membrane. Osmosis is movement of water across a semipermeable membrane of low concentration to a solution of high concentration. On the other hand diffusion is movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration. Osmosis is a form of diffusion but a distinction would be that it deals essentially with water. Tonicity is what makes the cells either shrink or grow depending on the environment it is placed at‚ it is
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has a lower density ) c. Remove the funnel from the stand and keep your fingers on the stopper and carefully shake the separating funnel. d. Vent the separating funnel periodically (every 30 sec) to relieve vapour pressure created inside the funnel. e. When the contents have been sufficiently shaken place the separating funnel back on the ring stand and let the two layers separate. f. Drain the bottom layer into a conical flask because now the caffeine is extracted into the dichloromethane layer
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Different soil types behave differently hence there is the need to test for acidity. To raise the pH and lower the acidity or sweeten the soil‚ lime is added. Agricultural lime or garden lime is made from pulverized limestone or chalk. Some types of garden lime are dolomite lime‚ quicklime and slaked lime. Calcium carbonate occurs in nature as limestone in various forms‚ such as marble‚ chalk and coral. It is produced either as powdered or precipitated
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curved line going down. Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to give the student a better understanding about projectile motion and to understand Newtons theories and laws of motion. We will be firing the plastic ball from the projectile launcher three times from eight different angles from the ground & a stool. With this experiment we will see if shooting from the ground gets the plastic ball to travel farther from the ground or from a higher elevation‚ the stool. Hypothesis: My prediction
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Abstract: The reason for performing this experiment was to test the agnostic behavior coming from the male Betta fish. This experiment was conducting by taking a male Siamese fighting fish and placing its fish bowl next to a mirror so it would be able to see his reflection. We also exposed the fish to many others to see if the behavior was the same or different when placed next to: a goldfish‚ a female Betta fish‚ and a zebra fish. My hypothesis was supposed by this experiment and it was observed
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Abby Goldschmidt Honors Biology 2° Mrs. Gempel September 3‚ 2015 Daphnia Lab Results Paper Abstract The goal of the study was to observe the effects of multiple chemicals on a Daphnia magna’s heart-rate compared to a control (pond water). The different chemicals were caffeine and alcohol. The heart-rate was the main variable in this experiment. The Daphnia’s heart-rate was observed for 15 seconds and then multiplied by 4 to show its heart-rate in one minute. This was repeated 4 times for each
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Exocytosis Lab Report Rough Draft Abstract: In Paramecium caudatum‚ trichocysts are 10^3 secretory vesicles that are released from the cytoplasm. We first observed how the presence of Alcian blue dye triggers normal secretion of trichocysts‚ and we then tested four different hypotheses in order to determine how the presence of Ca++ ions in the extracellular and intracellular environment affects the secretion of trichocysts. Our first our hypothesis tested whether extracellular calcium is
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