designing and using spreadsheets * provide appreciation of the historical origins of an important concept in geology Introduction An understanding of the process of magmatic differentiation is essential to the study of the petrology of igneous rocks. Students at Macalester College typically first encounter this concept in the introductory geology course when they learn about Bowen’s reaction series and fractional crystallization. After a brief introduction to phase diagrams in the mineralogy
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extends nearly 1‚500 miles from northeastern Alabama to the Canadian border.; They are old‚ complex mountains‚ eroded from much older and greater ranges. The present topography is a result of erosion that has carved the weak rocks away‚ leaving a skeleton of resistant rocks behind as highlands. Because of this weathering‚ geologic differences are refelected in topography. In the Appalachians these differences are sharply demarcated and neatly arranged‚ so that all the major subdivisions except for
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Kinabalu is essentially a massive pluton formed from granodiorite which is intrusive into sedimentary and ultrabasic rocks‚ and forms the central part‚ or core‚ of the Kinabalu massif. The granodiorite is intrusive into strongly folded strata‚ probably of Eocene to Miocene age‚ and associated ultrabasic and basic igneous rocks. It was pushed up from the earth’s crust as molten rock millions of years ago. In geological terms‚ it is a very young mountain as the granodiorite cooled and hardened only
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CHAPTER ONE 1.0Introduction Basement and crystalline basement rock are used to define the rocks below a sedimentary platform or cover‚ or more generally any rock below sedimentary rocks or sedimentary basins that are metamorphic or igneous in origin. In the same way the sediments and/or sedimentary rocks on top of the basement can be called a cover or sedimentary cover. The basement complex may as known consists of various rock types including granites‚ granodiorites‚ charnockites‚ syenites
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SALTASH FORMATION Saltash Formation - Basaltic Pyroclastic-Rock. Igneous Bedrock formed approximately 342 to 400 million years ago in the Carboniferous and Devonian Periods. Local environment previously dominated by explosive eruptions of silica-poor magma. Explosive eruptions of silica-poor magma. These rocks were formed from semi-mobile to mobile and highly gaseous silica-poor magma. It rose to the surface‚ where sudden pressure relief caused explosive volcanic eruptions‚ producing fragmentary
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a solution remains unsaturated‚ mineral crystals may precipitate False Magma is often a slushy mix of molten rock‚ gases‚ and minerals crystals True The elements found in magma are quite different from those found in Earth’s crust False Silica is the most abundant command found in magma True Magmas are classified as basalt‚ andesitic‚ or rhyolitie True In the laboratory‚ rocks must be heated from 8000 C to 12‚000 C before they melt False Heat in the upper mantle and lower crust may come
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Porphyritic granite Porphyritic granite is an igneous rock‚ which consists of orthoclase feldspar‚ quartz and orthoclase. This type of rock is made up of two different grain sizes‚ larger crystals referred to as phenocrysts‚ and smaller granite sized grains. The name for porophyritic originated from the Latin word porphyry which is defined as purple‚ and is known as a color royalty. This rock has been used as early as 18 AD and was discovered by a Roman legionnaire named Cauius Cominius.
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glacier-clad mountains. Denali is mainly composed of granite‚ a hard yet buoyant igneous rock that sustains weathering much better than sedimentary rocks of the mountains nearby(Denali). Due to the strength of the rocks‚ Denali remains at a higher elevation because
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the compressive and tensile strength of rocks from indentation hardness index by S. Kahraman*‚ M. Fener†‚ and E. Kozman‡ Synopsis The prediction of rock properties from indirect testing methods is important‚ particularly for preliminary investigations since indirect tests are easier and cheaper than the direct tests. In this study‚ we investigate the predictability of the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS ) and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS ) of rocks from the indentation hardness index (IHI
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TRANSPORTATION: wind‚ ice‚ water AMPHIBOLE: any of a class of rock-forming silicate or aluminosilicate minerals typically occurring as fibrous or columnar crystals. ANDESITE: a dark‚ fine-grained‚ brown or grayish volcanic rock that is intermediate in composition between rhyolite and basalt. ANTHRACITE: coal of a hard variety that contains relatively pure carbon and burns with little flame and smoke. APHANITIC: A dense‚ homogeneous rock with constituents so fine that they cannot be seen by the
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