Chapter 7: Integration & Regulation of Metabolism: Fed versus Fasted State 1. What can be used to make fat? Carbs can be converted to fat‚ however lipogenesis from glucose is less effective o Weight gain from CHO thought to be caused by sparing lipolysis rather than direct CHO lipogenesis o PDH Complex main link of glucose metabolism to FA synthesis (pyruvate acetyl CoA) Most AAs can serve as precursors for fat synthesis 2. What can Acetyl CoA be used for? Acetyl CoA must be
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Pre-Diabetes Patient Registry Clinical Problem Pre-diabetes is a state in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal‚ but not within the range of being diagnosed with diabetes. The diagnosis of pre-diabetes has increased by 22 million Americans over the last two years totaling more than 79 million people in the United States (U.S.) over the age of 20 (American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists [AACE]‚ 2011). Unfortunately‚ the diagnosis of pre-diabetes is often missed and
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Name and describe the three main parts of a cell. plasma membrane-forms a cell’s flexible outer surface‚ separating the cell’s internal environment (inside the cell) from its external environment (outside the cell) cytoplasm- consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. nucleus- is the largest organelle of a cell. The nucleus acts as the control center for a cell because it contains the genes‚ which control cellular structure and most cellular activities
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controls was observed (3.3 ± 1.9 ml/min/100 g; p < 0.001). Skeletal muscle SUVs and Ki values were increased by insulin independent of dietary state‚ whereas in the brain‚ those parameters were not influenced by fasting or administration of insulin. Fasting led to a reduction in glucose metabolic rate in the myocardium (19.41 ± 5.39 vs. 3.26 ± 1.97 mg/min/100 g; p < 0.001)‚ the skeletal muscle (1.06 ± 0.34 vs. 0.34 ± 0.08 mg/min/100 g; p = 0.001) but
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diabetes is metabolic condition causing elevated blood glucose levels due to either the lack of production of insulin or the body’s inability to utilize insulin efficiently (PubMed‚ n.d). NAFLD or commonly called fatty liver‚ occurs due to impairment of the liver cells to effectively metabolize glucose thereby leading to an accumulation of fat in the liver (Blenda‚ Thompson & Malkani‚ 2010). The liver plays a pivotal role in glucose regulation. Glucose is carried from the intestines to the liver‚ via
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Fats or fatty acids can be broken down as a source of energy to restore blood sugar levels when glucose (sugar) levels are depleted. Glucose levels are usually low after exerting a lot of energy or not eating for a long period of time. Fatty acids need an enzyme called medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase in order for their long chains to be broken down into smaller ones
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mark) Derek is hypoglycaemic‚ having blood glucose below the normal levels. This has resulted him in experiencing paleness‚ agitation‚ diaphoresis and abdominal pain. This may have been caused by overmedication with insulin or antidiabetic pills. Even possibly due to any missed meals‚ a severe infection‚ and use of alcohol‚ kidney failure or liver failure. c) How are you going to manage this? (2 marks) The aim of managing Derek is to bring his blood glucose levels rapidly back to normal before any
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soluble molecules through easily‚ while other molecules like glucose‚ amino acids‚ water‚ and ions cannot pass through quite as easily. That is the meaning behind the chant “some things can pass‚ others cannot!”. 2. Why is H2O concerned about the aquaporin shutting down? What are aquaporins and how are they involved in plasma membrane transport? In addition to the use of aquaporins‚ what is another way H2O can cross the plasma membrane? Is this second way sufficient? Explain your answer
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triad in limited detail. Background: Glucose is liberated from dietary carbohydrate such as starch or sucrose by hydrolysis within the small intestine‚ and absorbed into the blood. GLUT-2 transporters carry glucose in to beta cells via insulin-independent facilitated diffusion. Through rapid glycolysis‚ intracellular glucose is immediately phosphorylated and therefore‚ cannot diffuse out (the transport protein is specific for glucose). Internal glucose (unphosphorylated) concentration remains
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CARBOHYDRATES 1322 Classification • Simple carbs consist of 1 or 2 sugar units • Monosaccharides • Glucose‚ fructose‚ galactose • Disaccharides • Sucrose‚ lactose‚ maltose • Oligosaccharides consist of 3-10 sugar units • Not a simple or a complex carb • Complex carbs consist of 10 + sugar units • Polysaccharides • Starch and fiber Monosaccharides 6 carbons= hexose Monosaccharides • Glucose • Most abundant carbohydrate • Preferred source of energy for the RBC‚ brain‚ and nervous system •
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