Behaviorism to Cognitive Theory: An Evolutionary Trail Alesia G. McDaniel University of the Rockies Abstract The Behaviorist theory‚ introduced by Pavlov and popularized by Watson and Skinner is discussed based on its roots in the philosophy of determinism which maintains that all behavior is the result of a specific cause. The theory of evolution and the consequential nature-nurture debate following contributes to the search for the meaning of behavior. A relationship to present day behaviorism
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Soft Determinism Stace’s theory of compatibilism has to deal with free will and its consistency with determinism. Soft determinism is the thought that coherent humans should be held responsible for their actions if those actions were voluntary. Actions can be both free and determined while still having the ability to be held as morally responsible. Hard determinism on the other hand states that every action is caused therefore making a person unable to be held responsible for anything they
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Some people would argue that classical theories do not play a large role in more recent studies‚ however‚ concepts such as free will and determinism from Glaser (1977) and differential association theory from Sutherland (1947) have shown reason to believe they are still relevant in cases from the 1960s‚ 1980s‚ as well as recent topics today. These classical theories are ways in which researchers attempt to ‘explain criminal behavior’‚ especially when it comes to woman killers and doubly deviant women
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Technological determinism: Lag - Technology advances but society lags - Can be technological‚ not just social - Social and political pressures can impose restrictions on technology - Technology is always pushing forward‚ while everything else drags behind - William Ogburn: “`There is often a delay or lag in the adaptive culture after the material culture has changed"’ (Nye‚ p. 26) - Alvin Toffler ... argued that technological change had accelerated to the point that people could scarcely keep
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argument that someone may make against my own argument could be something surrounding pre-determinism‚ stating‚ “what if someone was pre-determined to commit a crime‚ a murder‚ something that was pre-determined before birth‚ would they still be morally responsible for their actions. Personally‚ I believe that pre-determinism is a strong opposition that many would argument against my stance‚ and yes‚ pre-determinism can affect one’s free will. But I also believe that even if something is predetermined
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Chapter 21 Hard Determinism and Libertarianism 1. Free will and the hypothesis of mechanism In the previous chapter we looked at two arguments meant to show that no choice or action anyone ever makes is a choice or action made freely. Both arguments depend crucially on the idea that the behaviour of people‚ even their thoughtfully willed behaviour‚ is no less the mechanical result of prior events than is the behaviour of anything else in the world. Both arguments‚ that is‚ explicitly suppose
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’pre-established’. With reference to “AJCSD Criminal Behaviour – Free Will v. Determinism” the document critically analyses the above argument from a phycological perspective with regard to free will and determinism stating that freedom has never been absolute‚ free will and determinism has been a very important aspect in trying to explain and define causality of criminal behaviour it’s important to note that‚ free will and determinism polarises psychology and law. The document also suggests that‚ exercise
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Question: Freedom and lack of Freedom existed side by side in English colonies. Using examples from Pennsylvania and elsewhere demonstrate how greater freedom for some colonists meant less freedom for others. 300 to 600 words Freedom and lack of freedom co-existed in seventeenth century America because of English rule domination over Dutch rule in the colony of New York and the lack of English rule in the Pennsylvania colony. Once English rule spread to New York‚ it expanded the freedom of some New
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The Contradictory Nature of Soft Determinism I. Introduction "There is a continuum between free and unfree‚ with many or most acts lying somewhere in between." (Abel‚ 322) This statement is a good summation of how Nancy Holmstrom ’s view of free will allows for degrees of freedom depending on the agent ’s control over the situation. Holmstrom ’s main purpose in her Firming Up Soft Determinism essay was to show that people can have control over the source of their actions‚ meaning that people can
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Discuss the apparent incompatibility between freewill and determinism. Is there a satisfactory soft determinist account of freedom? If so‚ what is it? If not‚ what is the best such account and what objections does it face? The incompatibility between freewill and determinism lies in our contradictory beliefs in both freedom and science. We‚ as human beings‚ all believe that we have freewill as we can freely choose our human actions‚ which cannot be predicted. For example‚ although I chose to
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