an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space to transmit data for telecommunications orcomputer networking. "Free space" means air‚ outer space‚ vacuum‚ or something similar. This contrasts with using solids such as optical fiber cable or an optical transmission line. The technology is useful where the physical connections are impractical due to high costs or other considerations. Free-space optical communication (FSO) systems (in space and inside the atmosphere) have
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MARCO C. SALUDARIO 4th Year Student Presented to: MRS. MARLITA J. DELOS SANTOS Subject Teacher 19 FEBRUARY 2013 ABSTRACT Laser communication‚ often referred to as free-space optics (FSO) or free-space laser (FSL) communication‚ is similar to fiber optic cable in terms of carrier wavelength and bandwidth capability‚ but data are transmitted directly through the atmosphere via laser beams over paths from a few meters to 4 km or longer. FSL uses lasers in the near-infrared spectrum‚ typically at
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digital bit streams over optical fiber using lasers or light emitting diodes (LEDs). SONET was designed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for the USA public telephone network in the mid 1980’’s due to the breakup of AT&T. With the breakup‚ numerous regional telephone companies were created and those companies encountered network problems working together as well as alone. SONET was created as the new standard for these companies to use for their fiber optic long distance cabling
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waves are propagated in microwave and RF communications. The wave passing through the medium is forced to follow the path determined by the physical structure of the guide. 3. FTTH: Short for fiber-to-the-home‚ the installation of optical fiber from a telephone switch directly into the subscribers home. Fiber optic cable is an alternative to coaxial cable. 4. Simplex: refers to one-way communications where one party is the transmitter and the other is the receiver. An example of simplex communications
Free Light Refraction Snell's law
History Alexander Gurwitsch around 1930 Around 1923 Alexander Gurwitsch discovers an "ultraweak" photon emission from living systems (onions‚ yeast‚...)‚ since he suggested connections between photon emission and cell division rate. He calls this photonemission "mitogenetic radiation". His experiments indicate that the wavelength is in the range around 260 nm (Bibliography under Gurwisch and also Ruth (1977‚ 1979)). Around 1950: Russian scientists rediscover "ultraweak photon emission"
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LASER in 1958 and fabrication of low-loss optical fiber in 1970. When we hear of optical communications we all think of optical fibers‚ what I have for u today is AN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM WITHOUT FIBERS or in other words WIRE FREE OPTICS. Free space optics or FSO –Although it only recently and rather suddenly sprang in to public awareness‚ free space optics is not a new idea. It has roots that 90 back over 30 years-to the era before fiber optic cable became the preferred transport medium
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PC TO PC FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION [pic] Submitted By: lex INTRODUCTION DEFINITION The project PC to PC fiber optic communication deals with data transfer from one computer to another. It uses C programming and the serial ports of the PCs. The ports are programmed in C. We use MAX 232 to convert RS 232 logic to TTL logic and then an optical transmitter circuit to transmit data via fiber optic cable. The optical transmitter circuit has a LED which is matched as far the cable
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ITT TECHNICAL INSTITUTE NT1310 Physical Networking GRADED ASSIGNMENTS Student Professional Experience Project NSA SPE Project 1 (to be completed by the end of NT1310): Install‚ Configure‚ Test‚ Maintain and/or Document the Worksite Local Area Network and Its Components Purpose The purpose of the Student Professional Experience (SPE) project is to provide you an opportunity for work experience in your field or in a related field to add to your résumé. You may have an opportunity to serve
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hard and dry stools less than three times a week. In some cases‚ constipation also may make you feel bloated or sluggish or experience discomfort or pain. Fortunately‚ a few common-sense lifestyle changes‚ including getting more exercise‚ eating high-fiber foods and drinking plenty of water‚ can go a long way toward preventing or alleviating constipation. Symptoms Not having a bowel movement every day doesn’t necessarily mean you’re constipated. You’re likely constipated‚ however‚ if you: Pass a
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advancement of technology‚ metal/conductive textiles found extensive functional applications. These materials have high electrical conductivity and radar reflecting property‚ yet are lightweight and flexible. Various methods have been developed to coat fibers and textile materials by metals. » sputter coating » coating metal powder with binders » electro less coating » vacuum deposition Many technical applications demand properties which cannot be obtained by simply processing common textile material
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