Differential Costing Introduction Costs are an important feature of many business decisions. In making decisions‚ it is essential to have a firm grasp of the concepts differential cost. Decisions involve choosing between alternatives. In business decisions‚ each alternative will have costs and benefits that must be compared to the costs and benefits of the other available alternatives. A difference in costs between any two alternatives is known as a differential cost. A difference in revenues
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Capital Budgeting Capital Budgeting is done because companies need to make Acceptance/rejection decisions for buying fixed assets etc. Features of fixed assets : Investments upfront and returns take a long time. Risk is long term Expenses are indivisible and lumpy Ex. If HUL wants to put up a synthetic detergent plant of 50 cr. Rs. -> by spending 25 Cr. Rs.‚ the plant wont be operational at half the capacityS The Capex decisions are irreversible Projected P&L : Less Sales Raw Materials
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Mission‚ Vision and Values to implement The mission‚ vision‚ and values of ABC Investment Plc should reflect the works of the company in providing useful broadcasting services to the EU regions various communities while promoting the interest of the general public which will be stated in the company Charter and Agreement such as: • To provide high quality‚ informative TV and Radio programming to our various communities in the EU region where they broadcast from. • To develop‚ promote and preserve
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Assignment 2 (a)Outline the main forms of flexibility as defined in Atkinson’s (1984) model of the flexible firm (b) What are some of the strengths and weaknesses of the Atkinson model? ANSWER PLAN: Introduction/Background o What are the aims of flexibility o Guest (1987) de-centralisation helps to create flexibility o What are the main forms of flexibility that modern organisation need Body: 4 types of flexibility o Functional/Temporal/Numerical/Financial Body 2: Atkinson’s
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Process Costing Objectives ☯To understand what is process costing ☯To understand the physical flow and basic entries in a process costing system ☯To be able to calculate the production cost able in a process costing system by using the the Weighted Average method 1 Comparison of Job-Order Costing and Process Costing JobJob-order costing The oil refining process starts with a fractional distillation column. Typical Application of Process Costing Process Costing Process
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Report on Capital Budgeting Abstract This report deals with • The nature of capital investment appraisal • The techniques available for evaluating capital investments • The limitations of these techniques • The capital budgeting practices in select countries Introduction: Some of the major responsibilities of top management are in the area of long range planning. Allocating resources to competing uses is one of the most important decisions a manager has to make. Executives are constantly
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Marginal Costing Versus Absorption Costing The MAIN DIFFERENCE is the treatment of FIXED COSTS. This treatment can produce different profit figures.The two methods of costing produce different profit levels dependent upon the net change in the level of stock during the period.This is due to the VALUATION of the net change in stock during the period. In [...] Over/(Under) Absorption Of Overheads In earlier articles‚ we discussed about absorption costing‚ its advantages and disadvantages and
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cost the services they render. Product costing is the accounting process of determining all business expenses pertaining to the creation of company products. These costs can include raw material purchases‚ worker wages‚ production transportation costs and retail stocking fees. A company uses these overall costs to plan a variety of business strategies‚ including setting product prices and developing promotional campaigns. A company also uses product costing to find ways to streamline
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CAPITAL BUDGETING MEANING OF CAPITAL BUDGETING Capital budgeting is the making of long term planning decision for investment fixed assets and their financing. Capital budgeting decision is concerned with current investment that will pay for itself and yield an acceptable rate of return over its life span. Hampton (1992) defines capital budgeting as the decision making process by which firms evaluate the purchase of major fixed assets‚ including buildings‚ equipment. It also covers decisions to
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Capital Budgeting Read Chaptes 7‚8 & 9 Problems from Chapter 7 : 1 to 28 Chapter 8 : 1 to 23 Chapter 9 : 1 to 24 1. NET PRESENT VALUE A. The Basic Idea Net present value—the difference between the market value of an investment and its cost. While estimating cost is usually straightforward‚ finding the market value of assets can be tricky. The principle is to find the market price of comparables or substitutes. Perspectives: Using the text example (page 257)‚ the basic idea
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